Outside the Law: Women Criminals in Arizona History :: Essays Papers

Outside the Law Women Criminals in Arizona History th gawkyout history, men and women have often been stereotyped into specific roles. manpower have frequently been characterized as being more forceful and violent than their womanish counterparts. Men have also often been portrayed as adventurous pioneers while women were considered to be more frail and delicate. Nowhere has this stereotype been more prevalent than in Arizona history. In the years before statehood, Arizonas reputation as part of the Wild West was legendary. From stagecoach robberies and saloon fights to the shootout at Tombstone, the early years of the Arizona territory be filled with stories of the good, the braggart(a), and the ugly. Of course, most of these stories involve the men of Arizona history. Men were typically cast both as the mysterious bad guys who robbed the stage, and as the noble sheriffs who struggled to uphold the law. Women, when they were remembered at all, were most frequently cast as virtuous pioneer women, struggling to retain femininity in the rough Arizona frontier, or as wanton saloon women with few redeeming characteristics. As can be expected, however, most of these stereotypes of women in Arizona history are sorely misguided. It is true that women in the nineteenth century were expected to abide by certain standards of womanhood. According to Paul Knepper in his article, The Women of Yuma Gender, Ethnicity, and Imprisonment in term Arizona, 1876-1909, these standards were ...the cardinal virtues of submissiveness, piety, purity, and domesticity (241). Women in the Arizona territory had the doubly difficult duty of being expected to abide by these standards of womanhood while simultaneously competitiveness an undeveloped territory where any signs of weakness were shunned. There was a group of women in nineteenth century Arizona who did not fit this stereotype of female passivity and decorum. These were women who, for one reason or another, bro ke the law and were branded as criminals. Some of these women broke the law deliberately with shocking disregard to ain life or property. Others broke the law reluctantly, only trying to feed themselves or their families. Yet others were victims of an unfair morality bias against women. When they were punished for their crimes, some of them acquire leniency from the court based on their gender, while others were made to suffer horrible indignities because the system had no place for women criminals.

Baseball :: essays research papers

, cricket played a role in the evolution of organized base ballock. From this British game came umpires and innings, and early baseball writers like henry Chadwick used cricket terminology such as "batsman," "playing for the side," and "excellent field" in describing early baseball games. Likewise, the pioneer baseball innovator blight Wright, a cricket professional turned baseball manager, drew heavily on his cricket background in promoting baseball as a professional team sport in the United States. By the 1840s various forms of baseball vied for acceptance, including the popular Massachusetts and New York versions of the game. The Massachusetts game utilized an irregular multilateral field of play, with the four bases located at fixed, asymmetrical distances from each other and the "strikers," or batters position away from the home base. "Sc turn ups," or fielders, put men out by fielding a batted ball on the fly or on the first bounce, or by hitting a runner with a thrown ball. But this lively version of the game was overshadowed in the late 1840s by the "New York game," a popular version of which was devised by the members of the New York Knickerbocker Club. organise in 1845 by a band of aspiring gentlemen and baseball enthusiasts, the Knickerbocker version was devised by one of their members, Alexander J. Cartwright. Cartwright prescribed a diamond-shaped infield with bases at 90 feet apart, a standard which has stood the test of time. The pitching distance was set at forty-five feet from the home base, and a pitcher was required to "pitch" a ball in a stiff-armed, underhanded fashion. The three-strikes-are-out rule was adopted, and a batter could also be put out by a fielder catching a batted ball in the air, or on the first bounce, or by throwing a fielded ball to the first baseman before the runner arrived.

Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay -- essays

Alcohol Advertising The Cause of Underage Drinking?The question, Is inebriant advertisement the cause of underage swallow? seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. near homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes while others condemn it all together. The content is very controversial with several factors calculation in such as religion, family background, and health. Despite the differing views, statistics lead shown that underage drinking has reached a new height this past year. What is the cause of this rise in callow drinking? I will be reviewing the work of four different authors in an attempt to answer this question.Dina Berta grew up with alcohol in her home and believes that alcohol is a partition of American life, and is a normal accompaniment to most social events. She said, Most Americans enjoy drinking on a regular basis. She feels t hat Americans argon too uptight and that drinking socially, even underage, is not a trouble. George Hacker and Robyn Suriano disagree with her and they feel that underage drinking has become a serious problem and that children are drinking more heavily at a younger age. Suriano states, alcohol is the most abused drug in the coun stress, and the number of children trying strong beverages before they reach 18 has doubled in the past decade. Hacker agrees with this point by giving the statistic that 4.1 million kids younger than 18 tried alcohol in the year 2000. Hacker also states his belief that when the youth drink, they drink heavily and excessively. Suriano and Hacker both agree that the cause of excessive underage drinking is advertisements.The subject of alcohol advertisements negative effects on the behaviors of young people is very diverse. Most liquor and beer companies agree with Berta that the purpose of alcohol advertisings is to encourage drinkers to try new brands, not to promote excessive drinking. Hacker states, despite the intent of the industry, research shows that alcohol advertising does influence young people. He strongly disagrees with Berta, stating that the advertisements have a negative effect. It preprograms them to drink and drink excessively for a good time. ... ...ge drinking and she gives a list of recommendations that all parents should go by in gild to alleviate the problem.The opinions of these four authors prove that alcohol advertising is an extremely controversial topic. When questioning Americans youth, you will get varied responses, similar to the contrasted opinions of the authors. Some homes side with Dina Berta and Jon Kate, while others agree more with Robyn Suriano and George Hacker. Alcohol industries see eye to eye with Berta and Kate. Berta feels advertising is fine and that drinking is a normal part of American culture. Kate feels that there is a problem with underage drinking but that advertisements are not th e cause. Robyn Suriano and George Hacker feel underage drinking is a extended problem and action needs to take place in order to reduce underage drinking. Hacker blames advertisements while Suriano feels the problem stems from both advertisements and the family. As shown, the topic is very debatable, depending largely on personal upbringing and experiences. Hence, the question still remains, Are alcohol advertisements the cause of underage drinking?

Cyberspace in William Gibsons Neuromancer :: essays research papers

Cyberspace in William Gibsons NeuromancerAs described by William Gibson in his science fiction novel Neuromancer,cyberspace was a "Consensual hallucination that felt and looked like a physicalspace but actuallly was a computer-generated execute representing abstractdata." Years later, mankind has realized that Gibsons vision is very close toreality. The term cyberspace was frequently used to explain or describe the shape in which two computers connect with each other through various teleph binglelines. In this communication between the two systems there seems to be nodistance between them.There are now four catagories that describe the major components of todayscyber space. One oof those is commercial on-line services. These large computersystems can armament thousands of users simultaneously. When a computer userpurchases an account from the club they recieve a interpenetrate name and a password.The user then can use his or her screen name and password to log on and use thesystem. Most of the online systems have chat rooms where users can chat in realtime with one another. some users even think of on-line services as a community.The second catagory involves Bulletin Boards or (BBSs). These servicesallow the user accounts like their bigger on-line service cousins. These BBSshave less users because they run on smaller computers. The system operators,more commonly known as sysops, are running the boards. Since to the highest degree BBSs arehobbies there is usually no charge for an account. The same as on-line services,users use BBSs for trades, games, and to chat among other users. Sincebulletin boeard are so easy to set up there are thousands of them located aroundthe world. Each board has a theme. These themes range from astronomy to racistneo-nazi crap. A boards theme helps users in their search for a board that willsatisfy their personal preference.A third catagory is the Private System. These private systems sometime runbulletin boards private ly, not let the public acess. In these privatesystems users can perform specialized computer operations, or doorway to data.Through this private network users within a company can send mail, faxes, andother messages to each other through the companies computer network. If aworker was to look up a customers information he could access it through thecompanies private network. The public can not get access to the companiesprivate system unless he or she knows the systems password.The fourth and last catagory is computer networks. These collections are agroup of connected computers that exchange information. One of the most wellknown is the internet. The internet is the so called "network of networks.

The Joys of Mediocrity :: Personal Narrative

The Joys of Mediocrity Why do I look fat? Why is the shape of my compositors case not proportional to my body? Why do I have so many pimples? Why is my nose that big? You and I have, at slightly point, grumbled like this -- it could have happened last month, last week, or dismantle just five minutes ago We never forgave ourselves for those flaws in our physical structure called imperfections. close of us strive to become the person of what fashion magazines, movies, or pop culture in general proclaim as the ideal physique of man. The buster ideal meant good looks, prominence of height, well-toned bodies, and the like. Lacking in one or more of these qualities suggests that you arent qualified to be with the elite who dominate the world because the world considers them elegant and glamorous -- simply, they are perfect. So we do what we can to prove them wrong. Its easy to see because its everywhere around us. Ladies copy the latest fashion trend, while men seek to look and act what they think is the in thing. And theres always the beauty products and modern technology to work everything else out. No, nothing wrong with doing these -- every person has the right to do so. The oppugn is For what real purpose is it about? Has society been so judgmental, so vainglorious that it casts its eyes down to anyone who doesnt meet their expectations? Do we have to punish ourselves-by not valuing time, money, and self-worth-for something only temporary? Imperfection is normal. No one escapes it-not even the most well-bred. We are only human. Or in a more philosophical sense mayhap we were meant to be created this way, to counterbalance what we have and what we dont have. When you closely look at it, imperfection is not such a big deal. Its what thats in you that truly counts. Does perfection even exist? Most of the greatest people that ever lived were recognized for their remarkable achievements, not for how they look like. And besides, if all in t his world were perfect, nothing will be regarded with appreciation anymore. A flaw actually makes an object look more appealing and precious, because you see the finer features beneath.

The Joys of Mediocrity :: Personal Narrative

The Joys of Mediocrity wherefore do I look fat? Why is the shape of my face not proportional to my body? Why do I have so many pimples? Why is my nose that big? You and I have, at some point, grumbled like this -- it could have happened hold water month, last week, or even just five minutes ago We never forgave ourselves for those flaws in our physical structure called imperfections. Most of us strive to become the mortal of what fashion magazines, movies, or pop culture in general proclaim as the ideal physique of man. The beau ideal meant good looks, prominence of height, well-t whizzd bodies, and the like. lacking in one or more of these qualities suggests that you arent qualified to be with the elite who dominate the world because the world considers them elegant and glamorous -- simply, they are perfect. So we do what we dope to prove them wrong. Its easy to see because its everywhere around us. Ladies copy the latest fashion trend, while men attempt to look and ac t what they think is the in thing. And theres ever the beauty products and modern technology to work everything else out. No, nothing wrong with doing these -- every person has the right to do so. The question is For what real purpose is it about? Has conjunction been so judgmental, so vainglorious that it casts its eyes down to anyone who doesnt meet their expectations? Do we have to punish ourselves-by not valuing time, money, and self-worth-for something only temporary? Imperfection is normal. No one escapes it-not even the most well-bred. We are only human. Or in a more philosophical sense perhaps we were meant to be created this way, to counterbalance what we have and what we dont have. When you almost look at it, imperfection is not such a big deal. Its what thats in you that truly counts. Does perfection even exist? Most of the greatest multitude that ever lived were recognized for their remarkable achievements, not for how they look like. And besides, if all i n this world were perfect, nothing will be regarded with appreciation anymore. A flaw in truth makes an object look more appealing and precious, because you see the finer features beneath.

Maternal Mortality in Somalia

II. Global Public Health Issue Somaliana is a country that has suffered from legion(predicate) issues since the get forth of every sort of centralized government. The Somali people become suffered from countless diseases, poverty, conflict, environmental disasters, and never- oddmenting displacement. For al nearly an entire generation the country has been without an hard-hitting central government, which in turn had major effects on the countrys health system. The Somali health system consists primarily of fragmented and privatized service that be insufficient and unequally distributed. The countrys public health system has very poor central governance or management.Due to these factors most of the tribe do not excite gravel to the most basic health service and definitely do not have access to higher train of services if needs arises. The lack of an overall adequate health system that is controlled by a centralized government has crippled the progress of reproductive he alth. heavy(p) birth in Somalia is organicly dangerous and very unpredictable. Somali char fair sex be among the highest risk women in the world with a Maternal Mortality (MMR) of 1,044-1,400 per 100,000 stomach births comp ard to a 12 per 100,000 in the United States. Even after a puzzle survives all these risks and delivers her baby, both mother and small fry continue to face constant risks. The under-five tyke mortality lay is 225 per 1,000 live births2 compared to 8 per 1,000 live births in the US3, putting infants in Somalia in the highest risk category worldwide. A womans health and behavior during maternal quality affects the health of her unborn baby. A poor diet, certain environmental exposures, illnesses, medication, and other factors affect the babys development. Prenatal and prenatal assistance is highly important in order to ensure the health of the baby and the mother.In Somalia only sensation out of every four pregnant woman gets antenatal perplexity a nd for those lucky few that do, the service isnt even good enough and they do not receive vital interventions. 4This missed opportunity to catch whatsoever complications that would arise contributes to the high MMR and IMR in Somalia. The lack of adequate antenatal care excessively increases the chances of pregnant women developing eclampsia during their pregnancy, a complication that is superstar of the major causes of agnatic mortality in the country and could be easily prevented with a simple blood or urine test.Interestingly the occur of women that receive antenatal care differs across the region. Somaliland, a northwestern region of Somalia that has declared itself a sovereign state and enjoys a higher level of stability and governance, has the highest antenatal care coverage percentage according to the last survey make by MICS in 2006. Somaliland had 32% of its population receiving at least four antenatal visits, followed by Puntland that has 26% of antenatal care cover age. The lowest coverage in the country was recorded in the central south region, a pattern that is the same for most other health disparities in the country. Aside from the lack of proper antenatal care during pregnancy, conventional beliefs that are held by the Somali population affects the maternal mortality rate in the country. Most Somali mothers do not believe in prenatal health precautions, much(prenominal) as taking vitamins and attending checkups. They enlist on the motto of, if one isnt experiencing pain or bleed there is no need to see a doctor until birth. The rest should be left to god. This type of behavior greatly contributes to the high MMR. Infections due to unattended and unhygienic deliveries also contribute to the high maternal mortality rate in the country.For all the births that take place in Somalia only a mere 2% of births take place in a health care facility that is attended by skilled staff6. Most country-bred women do not have the resources or access to deliver in facilities with staff that are trained in child delivery. By the time they go into labor most are alone or with untrained family members and neighbors. They resort to un safe traditional methods of delivery, using equipment that is unhygienic or harmful to the mother and child. These methods mostly result in postpartum hemorrhaging a major cause of maternal mortality in Somalia.Also with the high number of deliveries international of maternal facilities, the attentions that mothers would have received if complications arise are not available. Prolonged and obstructed labor leads to the death of the mother or infant, and in some eccentric persons the death of both. Aside from those mothers who do not deliver in health facilities, the few that do are not that much let on off. Due to the high personal risk in Somalia aggravated by the violence, most hospital staff do not come to work in fear for their own personal safety. The health care system in the country uffers f rom poor healthcare workers retention, lack of medical supplies, lack of neonatal facilities, and extreme lack of trained personnel on duty. For those mothers that do give birth at a facility most do not have access to an emergency obstetric referral care. A pregnancy complication called postpartum hemorrhaging is treated in emergency obstetric referral care. Most mothers that are suffering from this excessive bleeding only have a one to two hour window to be treated or else they die due to blood loss. Unfortunately galore(postnominal) mothers lose their life in this timeframe in Somalia.Some other factors that also contribute to maternal mortality is a custom dressd by many another(prenominal) Somali woman in the country. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the process of partial or total removal of the external female genitalia for whatever purpose that is not a medically prescribed surgery. It is a painful process that many young girls go through and most experience infections and in some worse cases death. During pregnancy women that went through FGM experience complications and have to go through a de-infibulation process in order for her to even deliver vaginally.If this process of infibulation is not done properly and the woman attempts to do it without specific precaution, the death of the baby and the mother can easily results. Many young mothers, especially those that live in rural and nomadic areas, do not have access to health care facilities that can do this procedure and they are forced to do this procedure with unsanitary equipment and methods. Moving beyond the pregnancy and birth, mothers and children that survive this risky situation, have to deal with a lot more.According to the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) that was taken in 2006 the infant mortality rate (IMR) is at 86 per 1,000 live births. A survey collected by UNICEF in 2008 calculated the under five child mortality rate (U-5MR) to be at 135 per 1,000 live births. The lack of proper supplies and vaccination contributes to infants passing away due to polio or malaria. subsequently since most mothers do not give birth in facilities and opt to delivering at home, infants do not receive postnatal care at all, exposing them to a deadly world with no defense mechanisms. dissipation, disease-related dehydration, and respiratory infections are also the highest reason for more than half of infant death. The major reason for the contraction of Diarrhoea being the lack of safe water and poor food hygiene a child experiences during pregnancy or after birth. The countries biting weather conditions and essential disasters in Somalia also affect maternal mortality rates and infant mortality rates in the country. Harsh famines that occur leave pregnant mothers and infants exceedingly malnourished with no access to food, clean water, or medication.Pregnant woman sometimes have to deal with no food or water for many old age go they walked in the harsh weather to the nearest shelter. This results in miscarriages and stillbirths. Infants that are born into these situations mostly die of malnutrition and disease since they have no access to food, water, or medicine. Subsequently environmental health in Somalia is extremely scatty and services are concentrated in small towns and wherever security conditions allow. After the collapse of a centralized government, public health and environmental health services became almost non-existent.Due to the lack of regulation and monitoring by a vehement government, the environmental and public health situation has declined tremendously. Somaliland and Puntland seem to have at least some adequate levels of public health and environmental services, but they too are only focused on small densely populated areas. As you travel out into the rural parts of these regions, any sort of health services moves minimal. South and Central Somalia seems to be suffering the most, with large populations going without m uch health care and environmental services. whizz of the biggest environmental risks in Somalia is access to safe boozing water. Only 29% of the population has access to safe drinking water7. In the urban areas people depend on wells that are located on private property and are dependent on the purchase of water. In the villages people and animals use the same water source, sometimes causing the water to become contaminated. The situation has been worsened with the constant and massive movement of the population from rural areas to more stable cities, cities that do not have the capacity to provide safe water for their steady population rise.To aggravate the situation even more, due to the lack of national environmental services, most Somali households live in a situation where they do not have proper means to dispose of waste and excreta. This is felt more in places where people live close to one another and have their waste near where they dwell. Due to the poor hygiene and sanit ary precautions, outbreaks such as cholera between woman and children become extremely common. Lack of a garbage collection system also affects environmental health and contributes to water pollution.Since there is not regulation to where garbage is dumped or any garbage collection system, it is normal to see trash everywhere. Whether it is the streets, inside buildings, or even in bodies of water, it is not uncommon to see garbage lying around. The aspect that neglected garbage emits and the health risk it brings, not to mention the unsafe animals it attracts, is something that the population is left to deal with. III. Public Health Impact and Policy bring down maternal mortality rates in Somalia has had a global affect on the public health world. Many campaigns were launched in order to burn this dumbfounding high MMR in the country.Whether big or small, each campaign primarily focuses on ways to support the pregnant women during pregnancy and transition her and her newborn in to the world. One of the larger and more global campaigns Somalia is a part of is the launch of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). At a sit down that occurred at the end of he 20th century, governments from across the world came up with a set of goals for all developing countries known as the MDGs. These goals, which would be completed by the year 2015, would service of process cut world poverty in half, improve health standards across the world, and save millions of lives.The MDGs are time sensitive and have a set and pre-determined outcome. With confederation to the MDGs pertaining to Somalias maternal issues, MDG1, 2,3,and 7 are closely related to reproductive health. While some progress has been made with some of the goals, most of the goals pertaining to maternal and infant health have seen little to no progress thus cold. Somalia has shown a commitment to achieve all the MDGs, and has submitted the first report this year on the berth of the MDGs since the campaign wa s launched.Although it is recognized that the progress reached is not as high as expected, with a country like Somalia that is extremely suffering in all categories, any progress is welcomed. In order to fully reach all the goals set by the MDGs, a commitment by the government to create a strong national health system with strong policies that provide lead stakeholders in providing quality services is needed. Globally the MDGs pertaining to maternal health are showing a positive result. According to a report produced by the United Nations, the number of woman dying during pregnancy or childbirth has halved in the twenty historic period this program was launched.The report they submitted, called Trends in Maternal Mortality 1990 to 2010, show that between 1990 and 2010 the number of maternal deaths decline 47% annually. Even though progress has been made, many countries that are mostly in sub-Saharan Africa will not make the MDG goal of minimizing maternal death by 75% at the end o f 2015. 36 of the forty countries that have the highest maternal death rate are in sub-Saharan Africa. Ten countries have already reached the MDG goal of 75% reduction in maternal mortality. Those countries are Belarus, Bhutan, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Iran, Lithuania, Maldives, Nepal, Romania, and Viet Nam. Recently in 2010 at a UN Leaders Summit for the Millennium Development Goals, a Global Strategy for Womens and Childrens Health was launched with a total of US 40 billion for funding. The MDGs that are at target are MDGs 4 & 5 those that are aimed to reduce child mortality and improve maternal health. In Somalia the National Reproductive Health Strategy is aimed to reach the highest possible reproductive health for Somalis and reduce the amount of women and children that die from easily preventable diseases and complications. With just three years left till 2015, initiatives have to intensify in order to reach satisfactory progress.Malaysia and Sri Lanka are an example of su ccessful implementation of the policies set by the MDGs. Both countries have succeeded in reducing maternal mortality to levels that are comparable to industrial countries. In Sri Lanka female literacy was expanded and with Malaysias strong economic performance, both succeeded in a steady decline of their MMR. All it took from them was a steady and modest investing in poverty reduction, providing maternal health services that were accessible, and improving access to quality emergency obstetric care. Both countries took step to remove inancial obstacles that pregnant woman face in order to receive maternal care. Both countries success was also aided with their increased skilled birth attendants that were vigorously trained in the art of child delivery. The more accessible skilled birth attendants and emergency obstetric care that a country has, the more chances for pregnant woman to have successful deliveries. Culture can either take on a role of aiding or impeding the implementatio n of public health practices. In the case of Somalia, the widespread practice of FGM in the past has caused great harms to public health practices.The repercussion FGM has caused to woman health is immeasurable. Even though FGM is so deeply weave into the Somali culture and has been practiced almost since the establishment of the Somali people, Somali woman have been working hard to negociate it as early as 1977. The Somali Womens Democratic Organization (SWDO) was formed in 1977, to become the implementation agency for the eradication of FGM. In 1988 a campaign was launched to eliminate the practice of FGM under the premise that it was unhealthy and completely unreligious.Shortly after a research center was opened solely to focus on the harmful affects of FGM and ways to eradicate this practice. Unfortunately, the fall of Siad Barres regime and the countries collapse in 1991 halted all progress made. Since 1996 UNICEF in Somalia funded series of awareness seminars attended by wome n organizations, religious leaders, government officials, and health professionals. In 1997, Somalilands government with the help of UNICEF organized a national seminar on FGM and schematic committee to develop policies in order to eliminate this practice.UNICEF also sponsored workshops in Mogadishu, Galgaddud, and Mudug regions in 1999-2000. Religious leaders have also been doing their own work informing the public that FGM is not a religious practice and is in fact prohibited by Islam. On November 1999, the Parliament of the Puntland administration approved legislation making the practice of FGM completely illegal. Since then there is no in truth evidence that this law is being enforced 9. Through many campaigns and initiative people across Somalia are actively talking about the discontinuation of FGM. much and more women are joining he fight against this practice, a feat that in of itself is huge. Talking about this topic publicly was a taboo for such a long time, and it is a huge progress for people to just be talking about it. Changes are gradually being seen in the Somali community. Recently, with the collaboration of an NGO called TOSTAN, UNICEF, and Somali community leaders, an awareness programme was launched in Somalia. This programme is aimed to create community awareness around many issues including FGM. So far a total of eighty-four communities already have been engaged and of those eighty-four, twenty-eight have declared abandonment of FGM10.IV. Costs Economic and Societal There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of women. This quote was said by the former General Secretary of the United Nations, Kofi Annan. In this simple judgment of conviction Kofi Annan explained the importance of women in our society. Women play a key role in improving the health, education, and economic productivities of their families and communities. Yet strangely, even though the health of woman is so essential to the wellbeing our society , they are the poorest and most vulnerable people in the world. out of every 10 women dies in childbirth. All public health professionals and frankly everyone around the world should be very concerned about maternal mortality. When a mother dies she most likely leaves behind children. Those children become neglected because it is the mother who really takes care of the kids, ensures they are fed, well educated, and medically well. If those children lose their mother they either pass away themselves, or become unfit members of their community. A child that could have become a positive asset to his or her community is now part of the chain of poverty.Keeping mothers alive is essential part of helping end the chain of poverty. Most mothers that die during pregnancy or childbirth die due to an easily preventable disease or complication. In the case of Somalia where maternal mortality rate is at an all time high, most complications could have been easily preventable. Mothers face econom ic hardship, no access to healthcare services, and face harsh environmental risks. Also due to the lack of stability and a strong central government that has equally strong public health policies and procedures, their chances of survival while pregnant or giving birth is very slim.Major stakeholders on this public health issue in Somalia are private sectors, NGOs, United Nations, Ministry of Health of Somalia, and regional Ministry of Health in Puntland and Somaliland. Unfortunately, the Ministry of Health of Somalia has no real power due to lack of financing and resources. Its regional counterparts (Somaliland & Puntland) may fare a little separate by they too have no major resources. That leaves this issue to heavily depend on private sector and Non Governmental Organizations. Groups such as UNICEF and WHO have launched many great campaigns, but the greatest challenge they face is in security.Due to the threat posed by Al-Shabaab and its terroristic activities, aid workers lives are at a constant risk when performing within the country. This forces these organizations to either work outside the country or wait until conditions become more favorable. Working outside the country entails using local leaders an workers to implement projects, and due to the chaos in governance, corruption is inevitable. V. Proposed Resolutions In order to reduce MMR in Somalia there has to be many steps taken.Somalia must first develop and maintain a strong healthcare system that supports maternal health. There must be commonplace access to antenatal and prenatal care by every pregnant woman, with consistent checkups. These facilities should also be created in rural and urban areas where there is little to none in order to ensure the health of pregnant woman in those areas. Abundant supply of Trained Birthing Attendants need to be established that are skilled and have gone through training in safe and sanity birthing, and are equipped with all the supplies they need to carry ou t this procedure.Emergency Obstetric Referral Care must be developed and made accessible. Programme in family planning, use of contraceptives, and reproductive health should be developed for woman and families to go through. Policies should be implemented for families that cannot afford maternal care, through free services or vouchers. Vaccinations and other preventatives measure must be taken during and after pregnancy to ensure the health of both mother and child. Campaign to eliminate cultural practices that bring harm to mothers must be created and advanced.Sexual health education programme should be provided to young girls in order to prevent young pregnancies. Somalia is a war torn country with little no to none stable governmental structure, and lacking in a strong health care system. All proposed solutions require a functioning government to implement and monitor these solutions. Until Somalia can develop this, it will be extremely hard to lower the maternal mortality rate. 1 http//www. unicef. org/somalia/health_53. hypertext mark-up language 2 http//www. unicef. org/infobycountry/somalia_865. html 3 http//www. unicef. rg/infobycountry/usa_statistics. html 4 http//www. unicef. org/somalia/SOM_ReproductiveHealthReport-WEB. pdf 5 http//www. childinfo. org/mics/mics3/ memoir/somalia/survey0/outputInformation/reports. html 6 http//ethnomed. org/clinical/mother-and-infant-care/perinatal-profile-for-patients-from-somalia 7 http//intersos. org/en/countries/africa/somalia/somalia? page=1 8 http//www. un. org/apps/news/story. asp? NewsID=42013&Cr=maternal&Cr1= 9 http//www. asylumlaw. org/docs/somalia/usdos01_fgm_Somalia. pdf 10 http//www. unicef. org/somalia/reallives_7723. html

Preliminary Research Design

Individual Research Project-Part 1 Godfrey Boyd American Intercontinental University Abstract There are theoretical and philosophical differences between baronial look for and channel proposals. The advantages and disadvantages related to both can be a benefit depending upon the problem studied. Research is not fully understood in barter. This paper will onslaught to highlight reasons for limited utilization of query in business. Small businesses are less likely to conduct marketing research. Amy E.Knaup, an economist with the Office of Employment statistics, office staff of Labor Statistics reported in 2005, 44% of all new business failed in the first 2 years. Individual Research Project-Preliminary Research Design In business, formal research and business proposals have significant differences and some equivalentities. It is very important to understand the purposes and finishings of each. What are some commonalities? Research and business proposals have similar components . Backround information must be identified for both formal research and the business proposal. (American Journal of Small Business, Vol.IX, No. 4, Spring 1985. ) When someone conducts formal research or a business proposal, they have similar goals. Research and business proposals are conducted to take care solutions, or solve problems. What are some differences? A formal research proposal differs significantly. Both proposals may appear similar. The purpose of formal research is mainly to find data to solve problems or help businesses carry improved decisions on daily operations, or use of the best product. Apples iPod was a huge financial success in the early to put 2000s. In 2008, iPod sales dropped significantly. (Business Week).Apple introduced and upgraded the iPod after a significant market study indicated that the economy and practicality of use were indicators of decreased iPod sales. The business proposal will rivet more on the product and make it more successful. The a ttitude toward market research from small businesses is also a possible reason for businesses failing in less than two years. (Barnes Journal of Small Busienss Management). The formal research problem can focus on problems that sociological, and present clear concepts. Theory is also a hallmark of formal research. The problem studied and evaluated can be compared to previous research.Business proposals are more time sensitive. One of the goals of the business proposal is to research and find a solution to why a product is not doing well in a particular market. Time is of essence in business in order for the business to be successful. The formal research may not have a time constraint but the goal is to find a solution or solve a problem. What are some capabilities of one in contrast with the capabilities of the other? Formal research has the susceptibility to nail down data through correct analysis. Hypotheses are validated through appropriate statistical analysis.Business proposa ls often suggest new products or services with the goal being to make money for the business. The formal research study has the capability to approach the issue theoretically and suggest a practical solution in just what to do to make money. A formal research study will provide valuable conclusions and insight. Formal research highlights complexities, context and emphasizes research. Rigor is the force of carefully collected data and strong accurate investigations. Formal research has to have testability. This means that data was collected correctly and sample sizes were adequate.A capability of a business proposal is the proposal can be done in relatively shorter time period. The business proposal will focus on a product or a business related problem that needs a solution in order to make money. Method actor (subject) characteristics Sampling procedures Sample size, power, and precision Measures and covariates Research design Experimental manipulations or interventions Results Re cruitment Statistics and data analysis Ancillary analyses Participant flow Intervention or manipulation fidelity Baseline data Adverse events Discussion References

On Theory Integration Essay

On Control TheoryThere ar two founding tenets of insure theory (Gottfredson and Hirschi,1990) all behavior, criminal or not, arises from the epicurean tendency to seek pleasure and avoid torture and the behavior may be criminal or criminally analogous when the actor is insufficiently still from resorting to force or fraud in the pursuit of interest. Control in this context refers to restraining factors in the individual, in the form of internalized norms comparable to the superego and ego, and the controlling influence and ascendancy of social institutions, such as the family, school, or neighborhood.Reckless (1961), for example, sees compliance in terms of inner containment through a favorable ego-concept, aim orientation, frustration tolerance, and allegiance to norms, and outer containment which comes from the avail skill of meaningful roles and social acceptance. Violation of these restraints involves somebodyal costs in the form of punishment, social rejection, or l oss of future opportunities. Whether a person yields to temptation therefore depends on the balance between anticipated rewards and costs (Piliavin, Hardyck and Vadum, 1968). One of the most significant with regards to this theory is the social control theory of Hirschi (1969, 1978, 1986), which suggests that conformity is dependent on the inter coincidence between the person and the environment (a stake in conformity), and that deviance cores when the interrelation between the two is lost.The correlated elements of the confiscate are (1) attachment to others in the form of conscience, internalized norms, and caring what others think (2) commitment to conventional goals (3) involvement in conventional pursuits incompatible with delinquent activities and (4) belief in the moral validity of conventional values. No special motive to deviate is proposed, since everyone is exposed to temptation, and the theory is concerned with criminality in general rather than the complaint of speci fic criminal offences. The theory is silent about how bonds develop or break d deliver, or how weak bonds produce deviant behavior other than by going the individual free to deviate (Conger, 1976 Box, 1981). Several theorists maintain that weakness of the social bond can only partially account for deviant behavior, and that individual strain in the motivation to deviate must be taken into account. This is the position taken by Elliott et al. (1985), who propose an integration of strain, control, and social learning theories. However, Hirschi and Gottfredson have of late reaffirmed the view that no special motivation is required to explain nuisance, which is a natural consequence of unrestrained human tendencies to seek pleasure and avoid pain (Hirschi and Gottfredson, 1988 Gottfredson and Hirschi, 1990). They emphasize the compatibility of classical choice theories of criminal acts and the positivist concept of criminality as the tendency to commit crimes, but see the latter as a function of egotism control.Criminal acts are held to be the immediate gratification of common human desires, and require little planning, effort, or skill. They depend on opportunities and temptations, and are closely related to other socially disapproved acts, such as drinking, smoking, drug-taking, illicit sex, and even accidents, all of which become more likely when people lack self control.Individuals who possess such generalized attributes have the tendency to be impulsive, insensible, physical (as opposed to mental), daredevil, thoughtless, and nonverbal. Low self control is preferred to criminality because of the positivist implications in the latter of positive causes, and hence dissentences between crimes in motives. Since the only common element in crimes and analogous acts is lack of self control, it is unnecessary to distinguish types of crime or criminal.On Containment TheorySince this is a study which involves both(prenominal) inner containment and outer containm ent, we are concerned with how these elements are formed within the individual and the relation of the two elements to each other. The central concepts of containment theory are outer containment, inner containment, physiological and psychological pushes and the social stratosphere or pressures and pulls. Outer or external containment Reckless, 1967470 is the ability of the society, the state, the tribe, the village, the family, and other nuclear groups to hold the individual within the bounds of accepted norms and necessitateations.It assumes that society and particular nuclear groups contain, steer, shield, divert, support, reinforce, and limit its members. This may include norms and expectations, customs, rules and laws. The theory, therefore, assumes that individuals are presented with a set of norms for different age groups, for males and females and for various statuses. From these expectations Reckless, 1967470, one is presented with the correct model of behavior. When disc ussing outer containment, it is also necessary to assume that deviant, illegal and immoral behavior exists in most societies and that a society usually produces effective conformers.There are three major aspects Reckless, 1967470-471J of external containment for modern, mobile societies. Groups provide various rules of behavior and expect conformity to these rules. If a group can successfully get its members to internalize or conform to these rules, then external containment has occurred violations are held at a bearable level. Secondly, in addition to presenting the individual with rules and limitations, groups must also provide one with meaningful roles and activities. These roles may range from the family to a peer group or an educational situation. Roles limit behavior and when there are no roles or few roles present, then the individual is left on his own to establish limits on behavior.A third component of external containment Reckless, 1967471 is that of group reinforcement. This includes a sense of belonging and identity, supportive relationships and acceptance by the group. This component comes primarily from nuclear groups the family or a peer group. This is also called incorporation or integration of the individual. If one has a sense of belonging, acceptance and support, then one is more likely to stay within the given norms of society.Inner containment Reckless, 1967475J is the ability of the person to follow expected norms and, therefore, to direct himself. It involves the individual personalitys need to live up to expectation of others. It may inc1ude the aspect of shaming. For example, you ought to be ashamed of yourself. Inner containment may also include those phenomena which may threaten the self image or make one tone of voice guilty. It is ones stake in conformity, or ones moral nature. It is manifested on a continuum from strong to weak self control.Reckless 1967475 states that the self increases in significance as a controlling agent a s a society becomes more diverse, alienated and impersonal, and as the individual spends an increasing aggregate of time away from home base. Increased impersonalization content that the self must exert greater directional control. There are certain components of the self which sustain it to resist deflection from societal norms. These components make it possible for the individual to contain himself in a modern, mobile environment. They are a favorable self concept, goal orientation or aspiration level, level of frustration tolerance and retention of norms.The first component of self, according to Reckless 1967475, is the favorable self perception. The individual who perceives his own responsibility will act responsible. A favorable self concept aids in following approved standards of behavior. The person who perceives himself as honest, reliable and assistive will most likely act that way.Goal direction Reckless, 1967476 is the second component of self which gives high directi onal capability. Capability for inner direction is the core of focusing on such approved goals as education and job improvement. This is especially true when goals involve long range planning and effort. This insures against deviance because of the unavoidableness to conform to socially approved methods to obtain the goals. Related to goal orientation is ones aspiration level which should consist of realistically obtainable goals.The third self factor Reckless, 1967476J is that of frustration tolerance. This tolerance should be able to withstand pressures, failure and disap excitements. Containment theory assumes that a high frustration tolerance will sequester the individual against being diverted from his course. It enables a person to be more in control of the situation.The last component Reckless, 1967476J of inner containment is retention of norms. This retention is the result of adherence, acceptance, and commitment, identification with, legitimation of laws, codes, values , customs and institutions. It is, therefore, assumed that self containment is a personal internalization of models of behavior. Ordinary strength and ordinary weakness in self containment represents a normal range of self development. An abnormal manifestation would be extreme rigidity of character. This may be the result of faulty development.Integrating Theories The divergence of control theory and containment theory is based on the maintenance of the status quo or the upholding of universal social standards. In the former theory, the curtailment of hedonistic tendencies of an individual is being elucidated to ensure that deviant behaviors will not manifest. While in the latter theory, the focal point is to provide ways on how deviant behaviors will be contained. Hence, theory A (Control Theory) provides the explanation of why a certain individual behave in a given manner, and theory B (Containment Theory) outlines different means in curbing out such given manner. If we put this context, say for example in the case of gang delinquencies, control theory will point out that a gang member shows juvenile behavior due to peer pressure, poverty, lack of parental guidance, and etc. The concern of containment theory on this crime is to provide realizable measurements for the person such as rehabilitation, education, guidance or simply through guiding the person on understanding the concept of close self image.Summary In toto, both theories discuss the delinquent and deviant tendencies of an individual depending on how the environment influences him/her, and how great is the impact of such environment to the individual. Applying both theories in crime, control theory is best embodied by the natural tendencies of a person since the behavioral patterns of the criminals is subsume in the context of Freudian psychology such as the id, ego and superego. On the other hand, containment theory is best exemplified in the quantifiable means of curbing out the innate tendenc ies of the person to in going against the standard, or simply by being deviant of the status quo. Both control and containment theories have the same concept of inner containment but differ in external terms.Reference(Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990 Rebellon & Waldman, 2003)Gottfredson, M., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A General Theory of Crime Stanford University PressRebellon, C., & Waldman, I. (2003). Deconstructing Force and Fraud An Empirical Assessment of the Generality of Crime journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19(3), pp. 303-331.

Metapath Case Essay

Metapath was a hi-tech federation providing software products for wireless carriers. It had a revenue of 22 million and was emerging as the premier company in its market space. The ultimate goal of the founder, Hansen, was to see the Metapath go IPO in both years. However, this company confronted two main obstacles for that goal concentrated customers and fluctuant every quarter revenues. To expand his business and also solve these problems, Hansen need to again raise much money. Like most of the software companies, Metapath demands continuously money supply during the ill-timed period of its life. The main financial strategy of Metaph was to raise several rounds of money by turning to venture capital investors get money from them in flip-flop for Metapaths preferred stock and a promise to redeem or convert to commom stock in event of IPO. It had raised $ 9 million in four rounds of financing before 1997, in which STI and Bessemer participated in the first two rounds. Unlike the following standard convertible preferred stock instruments, these first two rounds had a structure called straight redeemable, cheap common, which required a principal payment in the future, making the two classes of preferred stock more like debts.Therefore, by paying yearly (or quarterly) dividends and guarantying the safety of principle value to venture investors, Metapath raised its first four rounds of capital. Selling the company to CellTech could bring Metapath numerous advantages. First, CellTech offered an attractive price $115 million, relatively large for a premature company with revenue of 25.6 million and negative income -$1.9 million. Second, it was already an public company, which prevented the dilution of possible farther financings. Third, by merging with CellTech, Metapath could achieve synergy from expertise of CellTechs engineers, and the fully-formed marketing and domestic exchanges organization. However, since the merging was plan to be in stock substitutio n and CellTech had gone public only few months, information could be limited to value its stock price fairly.Also in the big environment of easy 1990s, too much investments in high-tech companies made this industry overheated, and CellTech could be overvalued by analysts. For the VC option RSC offered, one big advantage was that the immediate cash light of $11.75 million, which would be very helpful for Metapaths operation. Another advantage was that it bought time for Metapath to initiate an independent IPO in the future, which had potential to worth more than CallTech offered. still it broughtconcerns to Metapath as well. RSC brought up the strike term called participating convertible preferred stock, at which holder could not only convert from the preferred stock, except also in the event of sale, receive face value and participate in further consideration of common stock. This term could make a sale of Metapath extremely dilutive to the founders.

Discuss Austen(TM)s use of Mr Elliot in Persuasion

Austen uses Mr Elliot in various ways in Persuasion, this ranges from gaining an insight into other peoples characters to contri preciselying to the crush genre. Austen mainly uses Mr Elliot as a plot device in Book Two of the novel after Annes arrival in Bath. The use of Mr Elliots character dejection be tied into most of the major themes of the novel.The first mention of Mr Elliot in Persuasion is in the fist chapter of Book One. We find out that he is the heritor presumptive to the Baronetcy, through Sir Walter who is reading the Baronetage. We can essay that this is important to Sir Walter as he has added, Heir presumptive, William Walter Elliot, Esq. to the pages in the book referring to the Elliots. This shows how crystallize conscious Sir Walter is, it is blatantly transparent that Austen is ridiculing Sir Walter for being too class conscious. However later in the novel we see that whilst she does not approve of how class conscious Sir Walter is, Austen is still a adult female of her time and we see that she is class conscious, through Annes reactions, but not to the degree that Sir Walter is.In the same chapter we also find out more about Mr Elliots one-time(prenominal) relationship with the Elliot family, in particular with Elizabeth and Sir Walter, to an extent. We see that Mr Elliot has disappointed her, the heir presumptive had disappointed her however though she had found him extremely harming. However instead of marrying Elizabeth, Mr Elliot sought independence and married a rich wo small-arm of inferior birth. This leads to all acquaintance between the ceasing as Mr Elliot had slighted Sir Walter and had shewn himself as unsolicitous of being longer detect by the family.The next time we meet Mr Elliot is in the last chapter of Book One, where Anne and the Musgroves are in Lyme with Captain Wentworth. This chapter is where Mr Elliot sees Anne for the first time and where he is first seen as a potential rival for Annes attention and aff ection, Annes face caught his eye, and he looked at her with a degree of earnest admiration. Wentworth in turn notices how Mr Elliot looks at Anne and even he can see something like Anne Elliot again. Mr Elliot paying attention to Anne shows that se is once again in bloom. In this chapter through Anne and the others in Lyme that Mr Elliot is in mourning, therefore his wife has only died relatively recently. When the mystery gentleman is identified as Mr Elliot by the party in Lyme, we see that Austen highlights Marys class snobbery.We next see Mr Elliot in Chapter Three of Book Two, however the reaction to him is much more positive than it was in the first book. We see that despite his previous grievances against them Elizabeth and Sir Walter readily pardon Mr Elliot and are even happy to renew their acquaintance. In this chapter we see that the relationship between Mr Elliot and Anne improves and we see that he is clearly attracted to her. This is where the possibility of Mr Ellio t standing as a rival against Wentworth for Annes affections becomes a reality.In the next chapter Austen uses Mr Elliot to show how fickle Lady Russell is. We see here that she feels that he could not be a more agreeable or estimable man and that Everything united in him good understanding, correct opinions, knowledge of the world, and a warm heart. This directly contrast her feeling in Chapter Fourteen where she states that he is a man whom she has no wish to see and that he had left a very strong impression in his disfavor with her when he declined to be on cordial terms with the head of his family. Here we also see that Mr Elliot is not as class conscious as Sir Walter and Elizabeth but he is more class conscious than Anne.In the next chapters Mr Elliot becomes even more of an obstruction in Anne and Wentworths relationship. We see what Annes opinion of him is she thinks that whilst Mr Elliot is an exceedingly agreeable man he was too generally agreeable. This shows how shrewd Anne is, compared with the rest of her family and her close friends.Austen uses Mr Elliot more in the second half of the novel in order to derange Annes attention away from Wentworth. This can be seen in Chapter Twenty during the concert held for the benefit of a person patronised by Lady Dalrymple. We see that Mr Elliot successfully monopolises a lot of Annes time, which in turn makes Wentworth jealous. Wentworth now knows that he is still in love with Anne due to the attention she is receiving from Mr Elliot, but again due to the obstacle Mr Elliot presents he can not make his feelings known to Anne.However after Mrs Smith unmasks Mr Elliot for Anne after the concert, we see him for who he truly is. Here Wentworth and Mr Elliot can be compared and you can clearly see who the better person is out of the two. Wentworth is everything that Mr Elliot is not, for example Wentworth is open and spontaneous whereas Mr Elliot is polished and conceals his emotions. Another example where th e two can be compared is when Wentworth helps Mrs Smith when Mr Elliot deserted her in her time of need after the death of her husband. Here Austen clearly wants to show the differences between the two characters, and it highlights how Wentworth is from a lower class and has made his own fortune through hard work and how Mr Elliot stands to inherit his fortune whilst not even being half the man Wentworth is.In stopping point it could be said that Mr Elliot is of vital significance to the novel and that Austen uses him to further the plot, especially between Anne and Wentworth. He is used to show the characters and the readers that even though he is from the swiftness classes it does not mean that he is better than any one else. This brings up the theme of the changing ideal of the gentlemen in Persuasion. Austen also uses him throughout the novel in relation to the major themes, for example family as well as love.

An Influenced Life Essay

An Influenced LifeAs people grow and arm in their lives, many factors influence their trajectories. These factors manifest themselves in many ways, only if most ar more than than prominent than others. I believe that every soulfulness, depending the factors that influenced them most strongly, would place more importance on some factors than others. In other words, my essay forget be distinct than other classmates, because I was raised differently than most of them and different things had jounces on my study. Individuals also probably view some are more important factors than others, and these viewpoints depend solely on their lives and their development thus far. My personal view is that some of the most important factors that influence an individuals development are their innate temperament, the parents they are born to, the ensuant family role they possess, the trouble they bear in life, and the relationships they fuddle both forced and by their own volition. enou nce more Essay explain how children and newborn peoples development is influenced by a lay out of personal factors.Although I believe these are some of the most important factors, they are by no means the only things that influence a persons development over time. Also worth noting is the fact that these completely impact distributively other as well as singularly influencing an individual. When combined, many factors cause other factors and all influence a persons development trajectory. peerless of these influences is inborn, not decided by outside forces. Temperament is something every human is born with, and it is shown from the moment they start breathing. My sister and I, for example, have somewhat opposite temperaments. As a child I was very loud and loved to talk (which hasnt changed), and my sister was much quieter and listened much better than I ever could. She was more patient from birth than I will ever be. This chasm between our personalities provides some definit ion for our life development. Her calm, quiet manner led to little misbehavior and consequent punishment.My quick, sarcastic temper led to much conflict with parents and occasionally t distributivelyers, and required containment. This put me in a different trajectory than my sister, as she became easy to consider with, and easy to please. My parents had to take a different approach with me, as my temperament led me to be harder to discipline, please, and control. The temperament of any individual greatly influences a persons future life development. It influences the way a person reacts and relates to other people, the way they act al unmatchable and in company, and their view on the world.Parents are one of the influences I think most would agree impacts development most. Even people who had parents that were not present might agree that the absence itself influenced their life and development. The techniques parents use take leave and are quite different from family to family, a nd occasionally even within families. Parenting impacts development and views of the world because they restrict or allow activities, and provide moral ideas and values in differing strengths, passing on much to their children. As we grow out of childhood, impressions of our parents from a young age re primary(prenominal) with us and impact the way we live, act, and interpret others behaviors. The 2 spectrums for parenting styles measure how demanding a parent is, and how responsive a parent is. To me, these cigarette make or break a childs development.If either is in like manner low, the child will have problems later in life, but if either is too high, there will also be consequences. High responsiveness whitethorn produce a needy, incapable adult, while low responsiveness will result in anxiety about love, and mattering. High demanding parenting may result in a high-strung, over-achieving stressed adult, while low demanding will produce an adult with little motivation and driv e. Clearly, parenting impacts development and, if possible, should be controlled in state to help children develop correctly and well. As parents begin to treat children differently due to temperament, and children learn more about their parenting styles, the kids in the family begin to learn their roles in the family. These roles nooky range from simply the quiet one to loud one, or from instigator to peace-maker. Some of the roles can make children feel guilty, unworthy, or bad about themselves, while others make children feel proud, confident, and pleased. These differences start at a young age and continue through their lives, even into adulthood.This will also influence relationships and life plans, causing each person to have a different filter per say, which they view the world through. If an individual follows these family roles into adulthood, individuals follow whatever mold they were shaped into as a young person. This can obviously impact development in frightening way s. One can imagine a forty year-old still following his instilled role of a meek, rule-following, shy six year-old, or a twenty-one year-old still behaving as a reckless, authority defying teenager, but with much more damaging and dangerous rebellions. The types of anxiety that a person deals with on a frequentbasis derive from many sources. These factors come from both developmental sources and environmental sources. While environmental sources are inevitable and cannot be avoided, like natural disasters and wars, the developmental sources can be somewhat traced to other developmental factors. If a person carries too much anxiety, they can then begin to develop harmful relationships and tendencies. Some anxieties that can hurt a persons development are worrying about trust, competence, and mattering.All three of these concerns can come from the way an individual is treated and affected by people close to them, and society as a whole, along with some of the traits they were born wit h. These main three concerns make or break relationships, another developmental factor. However, they also impact the way we develop in all strains of life, especially cognitive development. If somebody has anxiety about not mattering or being competent, and this anxiety is reinforced by their relationships, they may truly begin to believe these things. This will begin to impact their work and productivity, starting to truly render them incompetent. Relationships also play a large role in development over time. Of all the factors discussed, I think this may be one of the most obvious, but also one of the most influential. Depending on the individual someone is relating to, and the impacts other developmental factors have on them too, relationships are the dynamic culmination of influences on human development. Relationship models range from secure to insecure, and someone who forms insecure relationships is unlikely to trust anyone, and consequently bear even more anxiety than what led to the insecure relationship. I think relationships influence development because relationships give us friends, role models, and comfort. Relationships make life worth living, but if they are not healthy and secure relationships, the zeal for life may degrade.There are many factors that impact development in many different ways. These influences can have physical, social, cognitive, and emotional consequences, and help us to become the adults we do in life. They eventually all do interrelate and combine to influence each other and our development in many ways. This being said, it is crucial to development to have consistent, good, controlled factors. Although temperament cannot be controlled, parenting styles, family roles, and relationships can be objectively considered and helped, in order to ensure proper development and a productive, competent adult. If every child had these factors controlledand watched, in order to help them develop the best they could, there would be muc h less anxiety, unhappiness, and idleness in our society.

Analysis on Ernie Pyle’s on World War II Essay

In Ernie Pyles On World War II, he made a a few(prenominal) statements. His statements are immediately ab proscribed World War II, yet they can be applied to nearly every other war. Edward Pyle enter his messages into the reading finished the clever usage of rhetorical devices and figurative language.Of the few messages that Edward Pyle made, mavin of them is more prominent than the other. Anything and everything is expendable. Pyle was implying that in war, a mans life is unfortunately no more important than the equipment he uses. This can be implied to almost any war that has happened before. The men and their equipment can be replaced almost instantly.The other message embedded within Pyles story is almost the opposite of the previous one. There were the latest letters from home, with the address on each one neatly razored out-one of the security system precautions enforced before the boys embarked. Here, Pyle was talking about the importance of the otherwise expendable men. They are not just some replaceable toy soldiers to test out some new strategies. They have families and friends off of the battlefield. They might be only one person in the world, but they can be the world to one person which means they are irreplaceable and undependable.Ernie Pyle uses rhetorical devices such as description to transfer his messages to the reader. His messages are about the individuals in the war, but can be implied to every large scale war. The main messages are opposites of each other one is of the individuals importance and the other of their unimportance.

Literature of the Western World Essay

Fray Luis De Leons procedure of the nice shepherd subject in At the Ascension (Wilkie & Hurt, 2001) is a wholly unexpected one. Hearing the phrase or stakeup the good shepherd clearly fills one with expectation that the word good in it means good of action. In other words, a reader encountering this phrase would assume that the shepherd is good beca office of the work that he does. For example, a shepherd who carefully rounds up his sheep would be a good shepherd, while one who loses his sheep would be a bad shepherd.This is in opposition to good referring to a quality of character. In this fashion, good is a description of what a person is, non what a person does. This is apart from action. It is this latter understanding that is what De Leon leaves us with. He writes Holy Shepherd, dost thou leave thy flock in this valley profound and obscure, to dwell with solitude and grieve, while piercing by dint of the heavens pure, thou risest to immortality secure? (p. 2217). This is certainly not the typical intent of the metaphor in phantasmal literature.For a more conventional, religious interpretation of the shepherd, consider this oft quoted rime from Lope de Vega entitled The Good Shepherd (Walsh, 1920). In it he writes, Shepherd Who with thine amorous sylvan song, hast humiliated the slumber that encompassed me, who madst thy crook from the accursed tree, on which thy powerful arms were stretched so long predate me to mercys ever-flowing fountains for thou my shepherd, guard and guide shall be.This image from de Vega is in complete opposition to the use of the form by de Leon. It represents, again, a more typical usage of shepherd in a religious context, and is used to demonstrate unconditional, usually sacrificial love for others, as in de Vega. De Leon, though, turns that motif around, blaming the shepherd for not being all the things that our expectations demand.St. commode of the Cross, in his metrical composition I Entered Where I Did Not Kno w would seem, at least at first glance/first read, to be a substantial problem. Certainly to the blase reader, it must be such. It is a poem that explores such seemingly contradictory thoughts such as, Un subtile where I was, I learned unheard of things, however what I heard I cannot say, for I remained unknowing, all spring now transcended (Wilkie & Hurt, 2001, p. 2220). Using the words learned and unknowing in the same few lines does not honest transcend reason, but transcends every expectation but contradiction. This, as I stated, though, is the view of the secular reader. The paradox is unraveled and the mystery revealed when read through the lens of the religious observer who is accustomed to this type of usage of the limitations of humanity. St. John clearly is talking of two realms here, the physical (mortal) and the spiritual (eternal). Knowledge that the self possesses, he is intimating through this poem, is just now the knowledge of the physical world that we exact. In that area of understanding, we have our version of knowledge what he calls knowing.However, when attempting to grasp the reality of the spiritual world, our knowledge that we possess to the highest degree the physical world is absolutely futile to us. Our very own reason (i.e. our mind) cannot even begin to understand what it sees of the spirit world. It remains outside of our comprehension, and our efficiency to gain knowledge of. Even when we stand in its presence, we are left unknowing.Lupercio Leonardo de Argensolas poem beginning, First I must confess, Don Juan, is most certainly a serious, though clever, observation nearly appearance and truth. It reads in a whimsical sort of fashion, and is almost too witty for its own good. Because of its non shrewd imagination, and condescending language, the poem is often misunderstood. The reader is apt to rush to judgment. Far from being just a playful conceit, however, it contains much deeper meaning.Lines such as, Dona Elvira s pink and white, if truly seen, owe to her no more than what they live to buy, (Wilkie & Hurt, 2001, p. 2239) indicate such a want of value of internal dish aerial (and perhaps external beauty, for that matter) within Dona Elvira that the reader almost must laugh at the pointed jest. moreover this is serious. Considering how Argensola treats this appearance of the lady, this is plain to see. He designates her with put on beauty and deceit, and then goes on to explain that he is swayed by it. It is clear that he finds this sign of hers to be contrary to truth and is unmingledly appearance.If the poet did not find these issues to be important, then he would have just stated the appearance of the deceit, and been done with it. Since he adds commentary, however, by going on to talk about its influence on him (and presumably all men), a serious tone is affected. It is similar, then, to Campions Amaryllis in I Care Not for These Ladies (Campion). Campion declares of the country maid that her natural beauty disdains art and that her beauty is actually her own. In other words, this is the same question that Argensola raises, the same test he puts to the cleaning woman in his poem. Does she have internal beauty, that of truth without falsehood?This is the unbent beauty of internal integrity. Or is she just a painted lady, who practices deceit with her very face? These are serious questions about not only appearance, but overly of truth, and both Argensola and Campion express the same judgment in the end. These are not mere plays on words, but deeper exercises into human air.Sor Juanas verses regarding mens choices and their consequences shows her craft at its very silk hat (Wilkie & Hurt, 2001). As has been noted, it is the choice of her weapon reason that made her and still makes her one of the top anti-misogynists of all time. Her lack of flowery wording and coy assumptions and directions lend to the power of her poems.She remains fully a poet, while also assuming a full role of sociologist. Had she been purely focused on the direct attack, a non-rational locate of accusations, her legacy would have been much different. She knew and understood that the direct attack through poetry or other works of literature have been long derided as pure emotionalism, a weakness men attribute to women. Therefore, Sor Juana did turn to logic and rationale. Ironically, these have long been promoted by men to be mens tools.Her use of paradoxes to dismiss mens treatment of women is astounding and successful. Her words are sharp. She raises issues in a back and forth style, point for point, in which paradoxes are found, such as men stating that they will batter a woman down emotionally, but be upset when they show emotions.Or courting a woman and then declaring her to be open and lewd when she accepts. These paradoxes are enough for anyone feminist or non feminist to be able to understand that, as Sor Juana would say, For plain default of commo n sense, could any action be so queer as oneself to cloud the mirror, then complain that its not clear? (p. 2263).Machiavellian behavior is that of cunning and duplicity. This type of overt behavior is easily found in Shakespeares The Tempest (Wilkie & Hurt, 2001). However, it is a tempered, double edged sword. It is too easy, nearly tempting, to assign pro- and anti-Machiavellian behavior within the play specifically to cave in characters.What is intriguing is the argument for and against within the same character. Consider Prospero. He is full of cunning and guile. While outwardly extending a hand of friendship as Prince, he acts to destroy behind the scenes simultaneously. He takes advantage of his dark powers to control the situation from well beyond the reach of others. In those ways, he is an easy to find villain. Particularly, his trim cunning and duplicitous grabs at power can be expressed as being Machiavellian.But what of the other side of things? Is there a different aspect by which Prospero can be sight? Is he to be excused? And if so, dont we have to dismiss the Machiavellian notion? It is true that the play opens with his exile. It appears true that his exile was a wrong done to him by Alonso. Therefore all of his actions and behaviors through the play could be seen as rightful revenge. And if this is true, wouldnt his character be forgiven, and his motivations just? Finally, in this way, would not Prospero be seen, himself, as actually anti-Machiavellian because he is driven by rightful justice? This is the interesting question. It begs us to look deeper into characters before blindly agreeing with popular literary criticism.ReferencesCampion, T. I Care Not For These Ladies. Poetry Foundation. Retrieved may 27, 2010 http//www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poem.html?id=181014Walsh, T. (Ed.). (1920). Hispanic Anthology Poems Translated from the Spanish by Englishand North American Poets. New York G.P. Putnams Sons.Wilkie, B., & Hurt, J. (Ed.) . (2001). books of the Western World vol.1 The AncientWorld Through the Renaissance, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ learner Hall.

Back in the closet

The main point of this set about is that even though free speech protects a lot of things it doesnt protect every class of free speech because there are boundaries when one is forced to look instead of given the excerpt to look or not. The authors purpose in writing it is to show that she is in balance with nigh of the foundational aspects of the Ameri mountain Constitution but that she, in a very patriotic steering or even a humanist way does not believe that crock should be protected by free speech.Her attitude is challenging to precisely pin down because she seems so loyal to what the supreme dally ultimately decides. temporary hookup its reasonable to believe that she favors making the distinction that erotica should not be protected because it expounds on a hatred of women and is too prevalent to be simply ignored, she leaves it to the courts to decide in the end. So we can say that she has the status of an invested concern that aims towards a neutral attempt that allo ws for the judicial bear on to do its work.Some of her most provocative and supporting details are when she clearly outlines a difference in what was being protected by the free speech amendment. It shifts from the political to the violent, from political statements to personal biases and intense hatreds. While political statements can be very biased and members may share intense hatreds this often is not as explicit and in your face as pornography.A major component of pornographys disgustingness lies in the growth of technology and how easy it is for people to make, distribute, and popularize things called pornography that used to be loosely hidden and not really talked about openly or as offensively. In our contemporary high society there is so much pornography that one becomes numb to it and in a strange way there seems to be less of it. There are more outright protections against pornography and more man outrage against in your face pornography like Janet Jacksons wardrobe malfunction incident.This shows that pornography has become more of a private issue with the measure being less what the courts say and more what the audience of a particular media thinks and makes known. I think this is a definitive step and one can wonder how much court rulings played into how we live in a world full of pornography today but manage to ignore or are simply not confronted by most of what does exist.

Marvel Enterprises

Marketing Strategy 8050 enquire Enterprises, Inc. look Writing by Xiaodan Dong February, 2008 question Enterprises, Inc. (b) Why was inquires turnaround so prosperous? Would you characterize that success as a fluke? Or do you view it as sustainable? Why? How? Marvels success is not a fluke because its business model is sustainable. Marvels new strategy monetized the suffice library by licensing characters for use with media products. During an era in which kettle of fish media is very important in peoples life, only one media tool, publishing, is not strong decent to expand Marvels influence to consumers.Comic books can target a very limited market, in the main composed of male teenagers and young adults from 13 to 23 years old. It is very difficult to expand this traditional market. After many years of development, this market has matured and is very stable. Meanwhile, people have been more than expose to movies, televisions, and video games, which more effectively influe nce peoples consumption behavior than do shady books. All these media modes are able to reach more consumer segments than traditional comic-book publishing.Marvels potential to develop profit dramatically when its market expand to propagate media. Other consumer products, such(prenominal) as dawdles, worked in conjunction with media products, these cardinal kinds of products reinforced each other. Marvels market expansion developed in both a comprehensive and intensive manner. Marvel emphasized long-term value in its new management strategy. They planed passage for each of their characters. For example, Spider-Mans career over the next five years is to have two more movies, DVDs, toys, a video game, and a promotion with Burger King.The intensive career plan extend characters life and can have each character penetrate into peoples lives by media on a long term basis. The third main strategic dimension is to ensure the quality of the content which featured Marvel characters. Cre ation and consistency in characters and stories mean every(prenominal)thing for Marvel. Before Marvels turnaround, the natural depression publishing market share was mostly due to a lack of quality control. When efforts were put into astir(p) creativity and fine artwork, the publishing business was rejuvenated and the market share increased.The publishing business provides the primary verify for both licensing and toys. Marvels success will sustain, because the products lives are extended with well-planed career, and the market is expanded with thriving licensing and toy businesses. Investment in quality can enhance the products agonistical ability in terms of both product life and market expansion. Great potential exists in each aspect of Marvels market. (c) How important are each of Marvels trey divisions Comic books, toys, and licensing to its past and future performance? The comic book business was Marvels plaza in the past and earned almost all revenue enhancement.Co mic books were so important for Marvel that its market share determined if Marvel would live or die. That is why Marvel went bankrupt in the mid-1990s, when mismanagement caused a huge drop in comic-book sales. After Marvel turned around, comic-book publishing was important as a primary business, but not a core business. Since 1997, Marvels financial performance in comic-book industry has been very stable and the annual sales totaled around 300 million every year. While comic book revenue should continue to be stable, its percentage will decrease in the future as Marvels other businesses grow.Licensing was only a small part of Marvels overall revenue in the past. Marvels licensing was mostly concentrated within the comic-book industry, interchange the publishing license to some book-related businesses or some toy merchants. After Marvel took advantage of broadcast media, such as movies, television, and video games, its licensing become the largest division and collected the majorit y of the profit for the caller-out. In 2003, licensing accounted for 70. 5% of the gross profit (See Appendix A Figure 1). Licensing profit had a much sharper increase from 2000 to 2003 than the other two businesses (See Appendix A Figure 2).In the future, licensing will keep change magnitude and its percentage of revenue will grow, especially if the management adopts a strategy of capitalizing on it. In the past, the toy business was respectable an annex of the publishing industry. Little effort was invested in toys which were not even mentioned strategic plans. Now the toy industry is the second-highest profit maker in Marvel, generating over $20 billion in sales in 2003. The toy business is very promising in the future. However its percentage in revenue will still remain stable or slightly decrease, just as publishing will do, because licensing has such a strong possibility for growth.In addition, while the toy industry competition is too fierce to consent to further achievem ents. (d) To what extent is Marvels success due to only one character, Spider-Man? How can Marvel develop its lesser-known characters? There is no doubt that, to a abundant extent, Marvels success since the sixties is due to Spider-Man. However, during the 1990s, the company declined despite such a successful superhero. Exploiting strategy by significantly increasing the number of titles stretched out consumers interest. Marvels new CEO, Peter Cuneo, restructured the company with negative assets and turned the company around.Spider-Man was resuscitated in comic-book sales. In the Publishing Division, Marvels 64. 7% revenue was from Spider-Man among the top far-famed titles in the second half year of 2003 (See Appendix A Figure 3). In the movie disaster office revenue, Spider-Man collected 33. 75% revenue in the US market and 37. 2% in the institution market among Marvels eight titles movies, ranking the first (See Appendix A Figure 4). Spider-Man has gained big(p) achievements , since the company turned around. However, Marvels success is not due to only one character.According to witness 3 and figure 4, other lesser-known characters, such as the X-Men and Fantastic Four, have also contributed to the companys success. The entertainment market is difficult to predict. Consumers interests for media products are notoriously fickle. It could be very risky to continue to impress resources to Spider-Man. Spreading limited resources to lesser-known characters helps the company reduce risk. Marvel needs to shift their focus to lesser-known characters which have great potential to be popular with wider public.Integrated marketing communication can be a very reusable strategy to promote lesser-known characters by using prominent characters. For example, the Fantastic Four can be guests in Spider-Mans comic-books or movies. When lesser-known characters and Spider-Man are presented to people as Marvels Superheroes, lesser-known characters can be promoted by the fa me of prominent characters. As Marvels previous CEO Peter Cuneo (2003) said, this is about converting Spider-Man fans into Marvel fans.

Billy Budd by Herman Melville Essay

billystick Budd by Herman Melville is a story about a young, charismatic sailor, nightstick Budd, who is called to be transferred to Bellipotent, a British warship, from Rights of Men, a merchant ship. Billy Budd works diligently on the sassy boat and wins the favors of most of the crew, including Captain Vere, the victor of the ship. However, like the old saying, no good deed goes uncorrected Billy Bud soon catches the attention of Claggart, the ships master-of-arms. Claggart is envious of Billy Budd because of his appeal.Claggart accuses Billy of mean a mutiny in front of the captain. Unable to make a sensible response to agree himself, Billy strikes Claggart on the forehead with a fatal blow. Captain Vere has no pickax but to visit Billy swiftly and decisively despite his personal fondness of the young sailor. The captain has to assert the equity correct if it means sacrificing a well liked person because a crime that goes unpunished would communicate echoes to the cre w that they can get away with anything. Captain Veres DilemmaRight from the moment that Billy Budd struck Claggart, Captain Vere knows that he mustiness do something to punish the guilty. To the captains horror, Claggart dies from the blow delivered by Billy. It was then that he knew that Billys fate is sealed despite his likeness of the boy. The captain raze sees the death of Billy as some sort of divine justice, with Billy playing the role of the backer that swiftly take the lives of the wicked. Nevertheless, the angel must be punished as the captain said, Struck slain by an angel of God Yet the angel must hang (Budd 121). Captain Vere has no choice but to see to it that Billy gets punished for what he did. He even talks to the jury that they must pit aside their personal feelings and look at the case objectively so that justice would be upheld But let non warm hearts betray heads that should be cool (Budd 141). The captain purely appeals to the jury that they must do what they have to do to uphold justice and condemn Billy because even if the young sailor is dear to him and his crew, the fact is, he has killed someone and it must be punished.Captain Vere is not that straight of a man what fears him most is that a mutiny like what happened in Nore would happen once more if a deed like what Billy has done would be left unpunished Feeling that unless truehearted action was taken on it, the deed of the Foretopman, so soon as it should be known on the gun decks, would tend to awaken any slumbering embers of the Nore (Budd 127). Historically, the Nore is ship that committed mutiny.The captain is caught between his personal feelings and his duties to the over-embellished Navy. He must choose one that would be for the greater good of everyone. Unfortunately for Billy Budd, the greater good would be at the cost of his death. In a sense, he serves as a sacrifice. The captain chooses Billys death reluctantly so that the law would be exercised and Billys pena lty would serve as a warning to all those who plan to break the law.The captains quandary is a classic case of choosing between two evils and between a personal and a dutiful choice. Despite the captains personal feelings towards the case, he must treat it objectively if he is to set a good example among his men. If he has not pushed for the punishment of Billy Budd, the chances of mutiny happening in his ship would greatly increase. Billy Budds death is unfortunate but necessary for keeping the peace. kit and boodle Cited Melville, Herman. Billy Budd. Plain Label Books, 1889.

Elderly need care, not neglect and indifference Essay

PHYSICALLY, the sr. are non longer as able and agile as the five-year-old.To around old people, walking can be an ordeal and crossing the road is plain more difficult without help.While it is already hard for near of the aged to get to the other side of a busy road that has no pedestrian crossing, what is even sadder is that motorists seldom stop for them.Old people whose sense of judgement is impaired through ageing, are ofttimes tally over on the road. They can no longer handle heavy traffic, and left to their induce devices, are likely come to grief.As one observer notes, it seems modern society is built by the four-year-old for the young a dynamic creation that does not give much consideration to the old, sick, disable or disabled.The infirm and frail elderly are usually tolerated as a liability or nuisance, and with self-esteem ripped away from them, they suffer in silence as they go through what is left of their evenfall years.This busy world is certainly not looki ng too kindly on old kinfolk. ford the road is just one problem the elderly encounter, another is getting onto a bus. The old timepiece is usually the give way to get on. And even if he manages, he real likely will father to stand. Rarely does anyone care give up his or her seat for an old man or woman.In the old days, the family unit was strong. Today, it is breaking up as young men and women travel widely in search of greener pastures.Normally, what this entails is neglect with the elderly being left to fend for themselves, most times under very difficult circumstances.The more fortunate ageing parents may be in possession of a child or 2 staying with them while the less lucky ones may have to live out their lives in an old folkshome or in their empty house after(prenominal) all the children have fl let the roost and may only return to visit once in a blue moon.Such a plaza poses a very real problem for society and it is what the old dread most being throwaway(preno minal) and uncared for while on borrowed time.There are other problems old folks face but none can be as painfully heart-breaking as the indifference and neglect shown them by their own contour and blood.Most senior citizens end up in welfare homes because they are abandoned by their families oftentimes at public hospitals which, in turn, have little choice but to turn them over to shelters run by the government or NGOs.In most cases, family members refuse to take their elderly parents back. Invariably, these public hospitals have to hand the abandoned old folks to NGOs. Even so, shelters, run by benevolent societies, are by and large full these days.According to the Social Welfare Department, between 2008 and 2011, the number of old folks, abandoned by their families, has steady gone up one per cent each year. Welfare homes caring for the 60 and above, admitted 340 senior citizens last year compared to 248 in 2010.Stats from the National Population and Family Development Board, an agency under the Women, Family and Community Development Ministry, showed that as at 2004 when the Fourth Malaysian Population and Family Survey was undertaken, over half a million elderly parents were not given financial support by their children.It is, of course, unfair and incorrect to say all young people desert their parents in their old age. What is obviously a disturbing trend though is that a lot of sons and daughters are leaving their ageing parents to die at old folks homes. Why?In trying to look for an answer, sociologists argue it is important for society to understand the needs of young people with ever-changing times.These experts explain that young couples nowadays need to work to support themselves and their own growing families. As such, most not only send their old parents to welfare homes but their own children to nurseries or playschools as sound just to keep up with the rat race.While its reasonable for young families to want their own space and privacy, the re are some who simply do not want to look after the elderly due to what is generally referred to as the generation gap manifesting itself in the lack of understanding and margin for the changes in their parents behaviour which could be caused by insecurity and mental illnesses.Whatever the reasons that may have caused the young to shirk their responsibility of caring for their elderly parents, they, nonetheless, still have the moral responsibility to support and comfort them.After all, the young will themselves become parents and grow old one day and quite naturally, overly expect their own brood to look after them in the final phase of life.Needless to say, its important to inculcate filial piety in children at a young age. Wholesome family value such as caring for the elderly spontaneously out of love should be continuously fostered to gain a truly caring Malaysian society.

Writing Sources of Error + Conclusion for [Hydraulic Lab Report

Writing Sources of misapprehension + Conclusion for Hydraulic Conductivity.Also, called Permeability - Lab Report ExampleAs a consequence, there are a twist of ways to produce errors in the test data while performing the hydraulic conductivity test. It is unavoidable to follow the procedural guidelines as strictly as possible in order to acquire the near accurate outcomes by diminishing error. Hydraulic conductivity or permeability in soils has been recognized as one of the well-nigh essential parameters that directs the performance of a mass of civil engineering phenomenon and structures yet most difficult to predict. Although the field data declare oneselfs a better representative of hydraulic conductivity of soil as a large variety of sample may be drawn and the results can be considered to allow greater representation while the lab data although having the accessibility to test via variety of tests may overleap the ability to be a representative of field soil.The coeffici ent of soil permeability may be thusly having a difference in vertical and horizontal directions. So, to be sure in the correctness of the comfort of coefficient of soil permeability, engineers are needed to expand the testing of soil to the field levels as the lab cannot provide the conditions present in the field (Fetter