How different was Sparta from other Greek states Essay

How different was Sparta from other Greek states - Essay ExampleIt became one of the approximately undischarged military-based lands in 650 BC. This is where the kingdom of Sparta was based. Sparta was the closely skilful land for its well known military war furtheste. This essay explains the most significant differences of Sparta and other Greek states.Sparta was the prominent state which rose in Lacedaemon. The state was situated far from the coastline unlike other states, which were situated near coastline. The description includes the important factors that led the important states of Greece to rise with a different form of ruling by Sparta. Athens and Sparta were the two strongest states in Greece between 900 BC and 192 BC (Bremmer and Erskine, 2010, p.128). Both the states were located in city of Greece had completely different genres. Spartans came from the descendants of invaders of Dorian and Athens comprised its race from the Ionians. They had completely different life- mien structure. Their governing system, educational system, trading methods and military structures differed in m whatever ways. The most important factor which caused the difference between Sparta and other states was the governing system. Spartan government was an oligarchy their ruling style was military based. They had very(prenominal) strong military base in the entire Greece. Spartan women gave birth to very strong child, they were taught to be tough unlike other states (Salisbury, 2001, p.330). The children were trained to struggle from a very niggling age so that they can be the strongest in a battle field. Spartan kingdom comprised a population of about 100,000, but the most important factor was all 100,000 had the skill of self demurral and they knew how to fight. They cannot be referred as brutal because the entire population including men and women supported the way the government was set-up. For any deformed child or weak child there was no

Movie Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Movie diary - Essay ExampleThe movie introduces an aspect of love when bliss falls in love with a guitarist, Oliver. However, Oliver heartbreaks Bliss by going on a tour well-nigh the states with his band. Another turning buck suffices when the police unravel the scheme where some roller players like Bliss are underage. Blisss parents know about her involvement in Roller Derby. The movie brings the aspect of intimacy where Bliss and Oliver list love (Barrymore Film). Bliss thinks she is old enough to decide on herself while her mother keeps pampering her. Bliss gets heartbroken on realizing that Oliver is cheating on her and seeks comfort from her mother who coerced her to move into in the Blue punk Pageant. However, the pageant and the roller bowler hat match were taking place the same day and Bliss chose to participate in the pageant to please her mother. Nevertheless, Blisss father coerced Bliss to participate in the bowler to the dismay of Blisss mother. Ultimately, Bliss pursues her passion for Roller Derby (Barrymore Film). The movie shows how love supersedes insisting in ones career and in sports as well as how roller derby solved Blisss emotional problems. The movie had 58 songs of different genres. Although the movie received haughty reviews, it recorded financial losses thus becoming the greatest underdog sports movie. Personal Best is a 124 transactions movie directed and produced by Robert Towne in 1982 (Towne Film). The movie revolves around the lives of four sports women personalities and their efforts in trying to stipulate for the American track-and-field team that would participate in the 1980 Olympic Games. During their preparations, Chris Cahill, a young experienced suspensor meets, Tory Skinner, a more experienced athlete where Tory guides Chris on how to improve his performance to qualify for the American track-and-field team (Towne Film). Nevertheless, this generates bout in the movie where Terry Tinghoff, the coach insists t hat Chris should just follow the coachs advice. Moreover, the conflict and evoke persists when Tory and Chris develop an intimate relationship and Chris further engages in a heterosexual relationship with Denny (Towne Film). Nevertheless, despite the athletes efforts to qualify for the American track-and-field team, United States announced its boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games for political reasons leaving the athletes with only their personal best records from the training sessions and a chattered sporting dream (Towne Film). The movie presents the complexity in relationships amidst coaches and athletes as well as the challenges of being a woman athlete. Indeed, the movie displays the position of sexuality in spots. More so, the movie depicts distinct sexual relationships in the training camp as well as rewards, uncertainties and risks involved in athletics (Towne Film). Although the movie did not succeed in the box-office, it attracted positive reviews and therefore make a goo d movie (Towne Film). Sugar is a 120 minutes sports drama film revolving around the life of a baseball player, Miguel (Sugar) (Boden Film). Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck directed and produced the film in 2008 where Miguel seeks to deliver his family from poverty by participating in professional baseball leagues (Boden Film). Indeed, his call to the United States minor league system marked his breakthrough in sports when he was just 19 years old (Boden Film). As a

Simulation Analysis Report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Simulation Analysis - Lab Report ExampleIt is therefore true to hypothecate that the strategy adopted by the smart set was successful as it helped the company in achieving its operational and strategical goals.The companys strategy has also been efficacious in the achievement of the operational and strategic goals of the company. The effectiveness of the company strategy can be evaluated using activity ratios. Judging from the activity ratios, it is clearly evident that the company has been effective in its operations. For example, the inventory dis baseball club of 0.24 clearly shows that the company has been efficient in the management of its inventory as well as in the generation of sales from the inventory. However, a low ratio of accounts receivable turnover of 20.58 recorded by the company is an indication that the company has not been quite efficient in the accretion of its receivables.To remediate its future operations, the company provide boast to change its strate gy in order to improve on its marketing outcomes. That is, there is the need for cash advances in the companys operations and strategies. The company by its Board of Directors and management should improve its R&D outcomes in order to improve on its operations efficiency and profitability. This forget include investing more in R&D in order to create new and innovative products in the High-End Segment (Capsim Manual). Highly innovative products will enable the company to remain a cost leader with a focus on the product life cycle. on that point is also the need for the company to change its strategy to a differentiator with product lifecycle focus. This strategy will enable the company to gain a high competitive advantage with innovative new products that have excellent design and easy accessibility. The new products will also keep pace with the market and will offer improved performance and design, which will earn the company increased sales, profitability and overall improvemen t of its marketing outcomes (Baum,

Mind and body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mind and body - Essay ExampleFreud believed that the judgment is structured into two parts the conscious and unconscious point. The conscious mind represents the things which can be brought into sentience easily or those we atomic number 18 aw atomic number 18 of while the unconscious mind represents the things outside our awareness besides influence our behavior (Cherry, nap). Out of these parts, personality is formed which comprises of three components id, ego and superego. Id is part of the unconscious mind it is the most primitive and source of all libidinal energy (life instincts) and death instincts. It operates on pleasure doctrine hence seeks immediate gratification of needs. The ego mediates between the id and superego and operates on reality principle. Its work is to ensure demands are satisfied in acceptable ways hence delayed gratification is preferred (Austrian 15). The superego on the early(a) hand, acts according to the moral standards. The ego in its mediation works encounters difficulties leading to anxiety. This prompts it to develop defense mechanisms such as rationalization, repression and denial to protect itself from anxiety.Freud also believed children develop in stages (psychosexual stages) with energy focused on distinct parts of the body at each stage and failure to progress to next stage leads to statistical regression while success leads to healthy development. For example, getting fixated at phallic stage can lead to Oedipus for boys and Electra abstruse for girls. These include oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital stages (Cherry, nap).Freud also developed a theory of dreams to explain the unconscious mind. For him, dreams are a royal road to the unconscious (Austrian 14). They reveal repressed memories from childhood desires unfulfilled. He emphasized on the role of instincts especially sexual instincts in driving people to dream. He interpreted dreams through innocent(p) association whereby women would narrate their experiences revealing their hidden truths. He enumerated

Evaluate and develop an argument for or against the following Essay

Evaluate and develop an bank line for or against the following statement the people process is more important than either the strategy or operations processes - Essay ExampleIt is therefore just right to expect that nowadays, when we talk of systems and strategies, it should define a good, reliable, and flexible process. however it should be understood that we can say that most systems are just exaltation when it comes to design but not in the implementation. Who makes the design work for a beau monde Who makes the non-living melodic themes move for the company Isnt the answer human processes Perhaps the reason is because no matter how we try to improve the system or the strategy design, it will forever fail to recognize the maker of the design.When we talk of human processes, what comes into our mind human being processes in simple terms refer to that process in one company or throng that does not take for granted the significant factors like the individuals as the main mover in a company. This process involves humans knowledge, skills and intellectual ability to be the fuel of the running company. And if the operations process is considered as the header of a business, human processes can be considered as the root and trunk of an musical arrangement where the lifeblood of the company flows and grows (Peoplecube 2007). outright what is being argued in this paper is the advantage of human processes over the strategy and or operations processes. ... earthly concern at that time took control of technology in the form of design engineers. Companies considered human factor as an indispensable thing to be considered because that was the area that can either make or break a products use. Through the design for example, a product can either benefit or pose a threat to the user. When an engineer designer makes a wrong move in his masterpiece, that product can manage group of individuals in just a snap of ones fingers. That was in like manner the time when u sability testing became part of certain(prenominal) processes. Usability testing enables the first hand users to test what is working and what is not to a certain product. This whole idea of human factor causing a glitch to the companys process maybe blamed for giving take to the concept of processes becoming more significant than the processor. This can then lead us to thinking that perhaps, thats also the same reason why software was invented by scientists, perhaps to avoid the human factor defects (Usernomics 2005-2007). But then again, since we are talking about human processes as a thing of significance than that of operations processes, it is good for us to look at proper managing of humans knowledge and abilities to better see the benefits it could bring to an organization if it is trying to optimize its personnels capabilities. Knowledge of the people is the house of new ideas and the bank of solutions to the different problems being encountered by the company. This is the reason why modern companies invest in trainings for their employees while others back or support their workers in finishing graduate degrees especially if the

Video from TED Talks Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Video from TED dialog - Movie Review ExampleIn order to meet the required energy levels to sustain such(prenominal) a trip, it is critical to perk up a reliable bloodline of energy. Over and above that, the chosen source of energy must have adequate capacity to propel the aircraft without taking high risks that threaten life. It is kindle to have an environmental enthusiast like Bertrand Piccard. However, his project will take long to make a difference as far as use of fossil fuels is concerned.Today, flying has increasingly become commercialized. Airlines have invested billions of dollars in air transport, an area in which Bertrand Piccard is far from proposing a reliable solution. As he speaks, Bertrand Piccard has invested importantly in the project. The project only accounts for a couple of people as Bertrand Piccard plans to fly around the world. epoch Bertrand Piccard might actually fly around the world in a solar-powered aircraft, his arguments or propositions will belie vably take ages to be adopted. There are diverse and dynamic resource criticalities that would have to be turn to before such an ambitious project is commercialized for public use. Bertrand Piccards approach to environmental sustainability, however, is exceedingly

Entrepreneurship Unit 5 - Global Entrepreneurship Research Paper

Entrepreneurship Unit 5 - Global Entrepreneurship - interrogation Paper ExampleIn the case under consideration, for a air looking for a roof investment from third parties to expand the business into a full time entity it is necessary to develop a coherent and practical business aim.This section provides details of the product or service that a business provides and market that it intends to target. It must point out exactly the reason why the business allow for boast a competitive advantage over the competitors (Finch, 2006).This part includes successful endeavors that the business has gone through so far. This might include contracts (if any) placed for development of products and services, marketing campaigns, office and production plant location (Betkoski & Lynne, 2000).The conclusiveness taken in the course of business implementation is what leads to the success of the business. A business plan entails on the whole the resources applied in the business and further gauges the consequences of this resource utilization. This helps the entrepreneur make practical and real decisions and goals. If supplying lacks, it will certainly leave no room for success (Betkoski & Lynne, 2000). It will rather leave a business in a state where proper decision making and actions plan will non be possible and thus, may cause the business to become unsuccessful.The business plan when prepared with the elements listed above, will give the entire organization the required workforce, goals and direction. It will serve as a roadmap to follow in helping the business strive through the thick and thin (Griffin, Ronald, & Frederick, 2005). A business plan is a compulsory and a well laid, multi faceted picture of the business, with multiple purposes as followsA business plan as discussed above is a well maintained document which helps entrepreneurs develop practical and achievable goals in order for the company to operate effectively. A well prepared business plan can also giv e insight to the future performance of

Newtons Second Law of Motion Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Newtons Second Law of Motion - Lab Report fontIn this lab experiment, we shall focus on the validation of this law by applying the behavior of an almost frictionless motion of a car on a horizontal aluminum track and a unalterable bosom T will be applied on the car. This motion will be save by a motion sensor and used to analyze this law.From the experiment and data analysis above, a number of things can be noted. The value of gravitative quickening in the constant mass of the pathetic system is greater than the expected value of 9.81m/s2. This means that an adjoin in the value of gravitational acceleration is directly proportional to the net force. An increase in the net force will cause an increase in the gravitational acceleration.In the second experiment, the value of gravitational acceleration towards the sensor is higher as compared to the value of gravitational acceleration away from the sensor. An explanation to this phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that for a n object at rest, the force of gravity acts on that particular objects but on the other hand, a counteractive force from the surface acts on it.For an object on a slope, some of the gravitational force is acted upon by the gravitational force that is provided by the slope. The remaining force may force it to move down slope and thereof the data collected. This proves that Newtons second law is followed

Risks management analysis during Construction stage and Operational Term Paper

Risks counselling analysis during Construction lay out and operable stage of the Channel Tunnel Project - Term Paper ExampleThis serves to mitigate the risk of option shortage for the visit, through the application of the principle of maximizing utilization of the resources, to ensure that they fit into the project schedule. platform monitoring and concur is yet another vital risk moderation concept under the complex body part phase, which entails consistent and regular evaluation of every single aspect of the project and the timely correction of every errors, to ensure that the construction process progresses without safety threats (Yan-juan, Ding-li, & Jian-jun, 2009 p3). This c each(prenominal)s for the full adoption and implementation of the principle of project caution discipline, which requires that he project, is monitored consistently in every single activity and aspect of implementation, to notice and eliminate all the issues that could be a risk factor to the proj ect. This is meant to avoid future problems, which could have been addressed at the in front stages (Clifton, 2011 p49). Operational Phase The operational phase entails the active implementation and management of the gains of the Channel Tunnel Project, which entails the control of excessive hierarchical bureaucracy, to ensure that the whole project is achieved without any undue complexities, which emanates from following the hierarchical hunting lodge within an organization (Eisner, 2000 p14). The minimization of the bureaucracy of the project ensures that unnecessary delays ar not experienced. The effective management of bureaucracy and hierarchical order of the project management process helps in the effective application of plan time and resources, thus mitigating the risks associated with resource shortages for the project. Focus on details forms another fundamental risk mitigation activity during the operational phase, considering that there is a high risk that issues tha t are of significance to the project susceptibility be overlooked during the operational stage, which are then set to cause problems after the closure stage of the project lifecycle (Canonico & Soderlund 2010, p795). The complete application of all details of the project operation can only be achieved through the implementation of full coordination between the project implementers. While people are working on different activities of the project, there is always a tendency to assume that the other party will accept a certain activity, and thus one party ignores the same (Winch, 2013 p5). This can only be subjugate through full coordinated operations. Proposals for improvement The first proposal touches on the management of the benefits obtainable from the project, since the benefits are a major source of conflict, especially between the implementers and the actors (Stannard, 1990 p47). The aspect of project benefit management extends beyond the construction and making the project operational, since it looks at the aftermath of having the project in place. The proposal is that project benefit management should be introduced as incentive towards making the project operational, by setting benefit acknowledgement as the main goal (ProQuest, 2012 p5). While the work of the project managers ends at the closure stage of the project lifecycle, the operation management, regarding the realization of the benefits from the project should be a continuous process, which ensures that all the parties to the project continuously thread the

Organisations and behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organisations and behaviour - Essay Example craft lights are manufactures by reciprocal ohm and doctors in hospitals have MRI lifesaving scanning facilities made up of Siemens under the flied of advanced medical scanning technology. For instance, if we compare the organisational culture and structure of Siemens with Samsung, it get out be apparent that there business structure is ground on family linkages and centralization (Unisg.ch, 2013). There organisational culture is inherited by their predecessors (Dinitzen, 2010). It is also important to understand that the culture of a firm is the reciprocal way of carrying out Fof a company develops gradually. It is made by the employees that work for the companyits supervisors and staff. What the company stands for, its norms, determine and motives that it seeks to acquire (its vision), are underlying aspects in establishing a dynamic culture. An effective cultural performance exists when populate in the organization accepts the same belief and where they rely and value everyones contribution. Siemens activities are based on effective teamwork culture. This focus on the team has been easy integrated by the international chief operating officer of the company, Klaus Kleinfeld. Working in team work can significantly impact the organizational performance and this has been well understood by Siemens. The quality of its people and their teams is the most valuable asset, specifically in todays scenario where the flow of knowledge round the world is happening with lightening pace. Unlike Samsung where the most important gene of their success is innovation and procedures which they carry out to bring new products for their consumers (Forbes.com, 2013). Thus, organizational structure and culture choose in Siemens have been a major factor in its success and is a note among other multinationals. Impact of organizational culture and structure on the performance of Siemens Successful anxiety of human resources departme nt in the businesses is a major concern for both the HR managers and other policy makers of the company. To gain a satisfied, committed, and well performing human resource for a business, managers must have tenacity among the organizational system, structure, culture along with an appropriate strategy. Siemens strives to make all of it employees to be completely do and engaged in the organization and to feel themselves an important part of company success. People therefore gather up to know their important in the business. Keeping this notion in mind, Siemens develops precise expectations. Every employee plays a crucial role in acquiring results (Dinitzen, 2010). According to Siemens, their business effectiveness relies on the performance of from each one and every employee, their teams and the whole organization. Organizational structure, managerial practices, leadership and the process of ratiocination making intervened by organizational culture, effective managerial style c onstructively influence employee performance. On the contrary, centralization, inadequate participation of employees in decision making, lack improvement, formalization and extreme specialization impacts the motivation of employees negatively (Macdonald, 2013). Expert guidance, decentralization, structure, adaptive culture, management activities, employee participation, cooperative management, work autonomy, safety and well-being, employee growth, and opportunities for employee development within organizational cu

Financial Analysis of Target Corp. and JCPenney Research Paper

Financial Analysis of Target Corp. and JCPenney - query Paper ExamplePresently, headquarter of the lodge is situated in Minneapolis. The company has been ranked 22nd by the dowry magazine within its list under the category of Worlds Most Admired Companies. overly it has been titled as the 23rd by Forbes magazine within its list under the category of the Statess Most Reputable Companies. There ar many subsidiaries of the Target jackpot Financial and retail Services (FRS), Target Sourcing Services (TSS), Target Commercial Interiors, Target Brands and Target.com. Target had declared its expansion into Canada and has plans to acquaint around 100 to 150 stores over there by the year 2013. The total revenue of the company during the year 2010 was $67.4 billion (My Target, 2010). Background of J. C. Penney Company, Inc J. C Penney Company, Inc., better known as JCPenney is one amongst many queen-size retailers in the Unites States. The company operates with its 1100 departmental sto res situated all around America and Puerto Rico. JCPenney also has sites on the meshwork for its trading in the retail sections of home furnishings and apparels. The company is headquartered in Plano, TX and has 150000 associates. The company offers a wide form of brands inclusive of private brands, national brands and exclusive brands to more than 50 percent of the American people. The company pictured annual revenue of $17.8 billion during the year 2010 (JCPenney, 2010). Calculation of Ratio for Target Corporation and J. C. Penney Company, Inc Ratios Target Corporation (in millions $ except number of shares) J. C. Penney Company, Inc (in millions $ except number of shares) Book Value Per Share Ratio = (Total shareholder right Preferred equity) / Total outstanding shares (15487-0) / 704038218 = 0.000022 (5460-0) / 237000000 = 0.000023 Current ratio = Current asset / Current liabilities 17213 / 10070 = 1.71 6370 / 2647 = 2.41 Net network Margin on Sales = Net Earnings / Sales 2 920 / 67390 = 0.043 389 / 17759 = 0.022 Earnings per Share = (Net income- Dividends on pet stock) Average outstanding shares 2920 / 704038218 = 4.00 (Diluted earnings per share) 389/ 237000000 = 1.64 (Diluted earnings per share) EBITDA per share = EBITDA / Outstanding shares 7336 / 704038218 = 10.4 1343 / 237000000 = 5.67 Debt/Equity Ratio = Long marge debt / Common stock equity 3954 / 3370 = 1.17 3099 / 4043 = 0.77 Interpretation and Description of the Findings From analyzing the adjudge value per share ratio of a company, not many facts can be interpreted. Book value is rather the accounting value of the shares of a company. This value is considerably different from the market value of the shares. Book values are heady on the basis of the companys retained earnings and costs whereas market values are determined on the basis of expectations of investors. On comparing the book value and the market value of the companys shares, inferences can be derived as to whether the companys stock is overvalued or undervalued. The only situation when book value can be useful is when the market value of the companys stock is move than the book value of the stock. This situation seldom arises but if this arises, then the investors anticipate the company to be undervalued and are attracted to buy. The market value of Target Corporation is $51.19 and the book value would be approximately $22. This

Euthanasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Euthanasia - Essay ExampleEuthanasia can be the plectrum of the an individual and may be unassisted or assisted, by doctors, family, or friends. However, it should be clear that all(prenominal) variations of euthanasia have been deemed illegal in most locations. Suicide has always been a controversial issue. The moral beliefs of certain popular ideologies deem suicide a great sin, which can slip by to the mindset that if you suffer greatly then you probably deserve to and when you separate, that is when you were meant to. However, that thinking is not shared by everyone and to impose that mentality and force people to suffer until natural death occurs can be preferably unfair. Euthanasia brings up many questions of ethics, morality, personal beliefs, and rights to individual autonomy. Death and Dignity A Case of individualise Decision Making, by Timothy E, Quill, is a fantastic example of situation where euthanasia has becomes a re exclusivelyy consideration. The case study , told from the doctors point of view, is a very moving story involving a physicians relationship with a particular patient, Diane, who is suffering from leukemia and has optioned to not undergo treatment she is planning to die with dignity and has decided to take her own life (Quill 692). Doctor Quills justification passim the whole process was supportive of, though not necessarily in agreement with, her decisivenesss. He had worked in a hospice in the past, and he knew the kind of death that awaited her should the treatment not work. He in any case knew that the treatments available to her had a long list of unpleasant consequences that would diminish the quality of her life considerably. He had the pragmatic experiences to sympathize with her position. He acknowledged that she passed all of the psychiatric competency tests to verify her mental state. She was informed of all of her options concerning treatments, interventions, statistical realities, and had made an informed dec ision of her own free will. Dr. Quills thinking throughout seemed to parallel with a utilitarian position. He considered Dianes options he weighed the stress upon her family, the quality of her life, however shortened, against all of the alternatives. He justified his logic by believing that the greatest good and least amount of reproach would be achieved by supporting and endorsing her choices. He even went so far as to direct her to a reliable source to learn how to end her life successfully. Although, certain kinds of euthanasia are potentially unethical, and each individual should, probably, be best considered on an individual basis. In cases, like Dianes, when she is making the informed choice concerning her own being then would it not be unethical to impose an alternative upon her or brush off her right to make her own choices. Dr. Quill described Diane as a string and forthright bird and he has no reason to deem her decision incompetent in any way (Quill 293). withal it i s unethical to question someones competency simply because their choice differ from what you consider the coiffe choice. However, if the same person chose the course of action that agreed with you own then you would never question their competence of course, they are competent, they agree with you. I think that Dr. Quill made a wholly ethical decision based on his perceived perspective of attempting to promote the greater good and least harm in a completely un-ideal

A Symbolic Look at Hillary Rodham Clinton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Symbolic Look at Hillary Rodham Clinton - Essay subjectThere are some who fear strong woman, while there are in addition those who extol them. The question is should someone like Hillary Rodham Clinton be celebrated for her intellect and accomplishments, or should she non and for whatever reasonablenessMrs. Clinton for arguments sake is a very strong willed and determined person who knows what she wants, and knows how to get it. In reading personal biographies of her it can be assessed that she came from a strict upbringing in Chicago, and would ultimately finish out her schooling at Yale Law school where she would meet the future President of the United States William J. Clinton. Ms. Rodham at the time was credibly what you would bring forth called a traditional Yankee, while her soon to be husband was what most would call a grey boy. Both exhibiting strong brains and wills, these two would join together and form one of the most justly political relationships in modern hi story. During the course of their marriage Mrs. Clinton would stand by her husband as he served as such things like Governor of Arkansas, and then the ultimate prize of 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. Observers of Hillary can dismantle that the most important role to her is that of mother to their daughter Chelsea who turned 25 in February of 2005.Mrs. Clinton has come to be known for her positives, as well as her negatives. Mot notably being the failed wellness care case that her husband had put her in charge of in 1994 to get it passed through Congress. As most know, it not only did not pass through Congress, but it also gave the members of the Republican party enough ammo to sail through the midterm elections that year, and retake control of both the House and the Senate.Hillary Clinton is symbolic in that she also reaches out there, often times risking her own credibility, in order to see something succeed. She stuck her neck out as well during the 2000 Senate race in New York when the GOP took advantage of the carpet bagger moniker, and tried to use it against Mrs. Clinton to their full advantage. She of course would end up victorious, and continues to serve the state of New York until her term is up in 2006, and has stipulation all inclination that she will seek another term.To be someone that would be considered to be symbolic, they would have to be a person who through action separates themselves from those around them in a notable way. someone whose actions clearly distinguish themselves from others due to their nature, and the nature in which the perpetrator went about perpetrating the action. Their action(s) prove as a symbol for which they are as a person, and what they stand for on any given issue.Along with her curse First Ladys, Mrs. Clinton is immortalized through the White Houses database of biographies for both the Presidents and their wives. In her biography, the author writes of Mrs. Clinton that, As the nations First Lady, Hillary continu ed to equilibrate public service with private life. Her active role began in 1993 when the President asked her to chair the Task surprise on National Health Care Reform. She continued to be a leading advocate for expanding health insurance coverage, ensuring children are properly immunized, and raising public awareness of health issues. She wrote a weekly theme column entitled Talking It Over, which focused on her experiences as First Lady and her observations of women, children, and families she has met around the world. Her 1996 restrain It

IKEA Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IKEA Marketing Plan - Research Paper ExampleA look into the present concomitant of IKEA is included in this plan along with other pertinent information that would help in decision making how to further develop the IKEA business, e.g., situation, product, competition and SWOT analyses along with the look into IKEAs mission and vision and its financials. The analyses make in this plan showed that IKEA is indeed a strong instigator to contend with and is capable of expanding and growing further. It stick outs products that consumers frequent and gives value to those products. Further expansion can be made and better plans for marketing the products of IKEA is currently creation handled mainly through the use of technological advancement such as the use of the internet, phone applications and complaisant networking. With all its achievements and with the goals it intends to achieve in the future, it can be surmised that IKEA has indeed achieved its aim of being a loss leader in i ts industry. Mission and Vision Statements IKEA started in Sweden and was founded on the concept that more people would afford well-designed and super functional home furnishings at beginning prices. Kamprad is its founder and control the keep company through INGKA Foundation which has its render in The Netherlands. The foundation owns INGKA Holding B.V., the company which owns IKEA. This organizational structure is the reason IKEA is not listed in the melodic phrase exchange (Tengblad, 2004). It is the vision of IKEA to offer many people a better living through inexpensive solutions. This is done through the companys oblation of a wide array of high flavour and well designed products for home. More people atomic number 18 able to afford these home furnishings due to its rugged prices. It is the mission of IKEA to provide its consumers a wide array of home furnishings that are functional, well-designed, durable, high quality and low priced in order that more people can aff ord them (IKEA USA, 1999-2011). The company goes beyond just offering furniture. Instead, they offer customers comfort and better homes and lives. IKEA is cognizant of how home environment affects the well-being. This is it offers the kinds of furnishings that would enable individuals to have an attractive, practical and homelike home without the need to spend a fortune. IKEA is a good example of an organization that managed to line up its values both in and out. Value proposition creates use in a companys product as offered to its consumers (Bovet & Martha, 2000). It is what customers consider as an advantage when purchasing a product (Best, 1997). It is taken to be a bundle of value delivered to the consumers by the company (Sheehy, Bracey & Frazier, 1996). Value proposition includes such intangibles as image, brand and equity along with price, selection and service. This is going beyond just the product, i.e., it is not what the buyer is purchasing further what he thinks he is buying. The value proposition determines the duties of stakeholders as well as the offer to the organization (Webster, 1994). It serves as a selling proposition to potential buyers or the reason why buyers should patronize a companys product instead of buying from its competitor. IKEAs value proposition that serves as an attraction to buyers is its offer of affordable, functional and distinctly designed furnishings. This value is well communicated and implemented consistently. To allow the company to lower the price, buyers are the ones who

Nihilism and its Relationship to the Death of God Essay

nihilism and its Relationship to the Death of God - Essay ExampleNihilism represents a philosophy of negation for all forms aestheticism. Friedrich Nietzsche wrote a great deal of literature concerning nihilism however, critics argue that Nietzsche did non advocate nihilism, but he was concerned about the effects of nihilism on society and culture. The perfect basis of nihilism constitutes the entire rejection of both social sciences and classical philosophical systems. Nihilism advocated utilitarianism and scientific rationalism. Utilitarianism is a moral framework that proposes doing the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Scientific rationalism deals with providing valid reasons to reassert arguments for them to be considered true. Nihilism aimed at negating all authority practiced by the state, church and family by representing a form of positivism and materialism comprising of a revolt against the established social order. Nihilists believed primarily on scienti fic truths for finding solutions to social problems according to Nietzsche, science was the cure for all social problems since it eliminated ignorance that caused evil in societies. It is life-sustaining to understand the meaning and historical background of nihilism in order to recognize the relationship amongst nihilism and the death of God.

Iron Curtain, Marshall Plan and Berlin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

straighten out shroud, Marshall Plan and Berlin - Essay Exampleand military barrier to communication it was established between the democratic countries like Western atomic number 63 and communist countries like Soviet Union. on that point was also an agreement signed for free access to Berlin (Berlin 1948-1949).Winston Churchill delivered his Iron Curtain speech which gave birth to refrigerant war. The Iron Curtain speech was about the victory of America and the power they hold he valued peace and co operation with the United Nations. He wanted to establish a good alliance between Americans and Britain by calling them English speaking cousins. There willing be a vernacular security agreement and they will work together for establishing peace (Iron Curtain 1945-1947). He was in choose of America and totally against Russia which was a very strong starting point of the cold war which lasted for years. He threatened that the Western and Eastern Europe will get separated and th is was the Iron Curtain which will be established. He wanted a defense pact and wanted to establish a graceful military setup along with creating moral unity. Western foreign policies setup along with a hopeful picture of cold war being established are few highlighting points of the Iron Curtain speech.Another important point was the Marshall think or more popularly known as the European recovery plan. Marshall was not happy with the pace of the recovery of Europe post creative activity war. He introduced programs for development of America and Western Europe. The basic requirement was here to build a offend economic plan rather than fighting a battle against Russia. There was a chaos in Europe and the requirement was to eliminate causes of starvation, poverty and anxiety rather than fighting a war against Russia. The plan was directed to improve the economy. Some saw this recovery plan as an attempt to divide Europe and the main cause of the cold war however the Marshall plan was an extended version of the Iron Curtain whose major concern was to establish Europe after world war. Marshall Plan

Gender determination Essay Example for Free

Gender determination EssayWhen an atomic number 53-on-one is born, he or she has male or female sexual organs and this determines the sex of that individual and consequently how the bon ton expects that someone to bear. Gender is different however, in that it transcends the simple biological explanation of why one is a male child and another is a missy. This paper will focus on what makes one a girl putt aside the fact that one was born one. It will also look at the possibility of an individual being born a girl but changing to get down a son. How and why this is do is also part of the discussion. Gender is described as the socially constructed roles, demeanor, activities and attributes that a particular society considers steal for men and women (http//www. who. int). This means that to be masculine or maidenlike depends on a society and not unless on the sexual organs that one is born with. Once an individual is born, the society teaches him or her how to behave acco rding to the expectations that specific society has for an individual belonging to his or her particular sex.Every society has some roles that be appoint to male and female members of the society and this determines whether one is male or female. The pass then becomes whether one is born with his or her sex or this is learned from the society that one grows in. In my own case, attending a girls school primed(p) my becoming feminine and consequently becoming a girl despite the fact that I was born a girl. In the school, only girls were around and olibanum were the only role models that I had. This meant that I only had other girls to emulate in my behaviour and my peers were also girls so together we all aspired to be better girls.The teachers we had were also keen on ensuring that we were trained on how girls should behave in certain occasions and also which aspects were to be admired in a girl and which were abhorrent in a female. This shows that one stooge be trained to be come feminine or masculine but it is important to note that it is not always so. This can be demonstrated by the number of girls who would get into trouble with the teachers for playing truant yet this was supposed to be an undesirable trait for girls and hence was dissuaded.These girls were given the same training as all their peers yet tended to behave differently causing one to perplexity whether sexual activity is completely determined by the society (Morrow 1991). disdain the question that is posed above, it is clear that girls who are educated in girls only schools are usually more feminine than those who attend mixed schools. This is because those in mixed schools are not controlled as much as those in girls only schools. The environment they are reared in leans more towards femininity and thus tends to discourage any behaviour that is seen to be masculine.The lack of an alternative form of behaviour leads to their feminine behaviour although some will try deviate by doing what they think others are doing elsewhere (Askew Davey 2005). This then leads to the question whether or not one can form from being a girl into a boy? Apart from the biological way, agriculture has two different ways of changing an individuals gender. This can either be done by changing the culture one has been brought up in or by being brought up in an environment that emphasises the behaviour of the opposite sex (Watney 1994).Since gender is determined by the roles that a society assigns to each sex, ones gender can change depending on the culture one finds him or herself in at a particular time. Roles assigned to the sexes by different cultures differs and are interchanged whereby roles assigned to women in one culture may be assigned to men in another culture. In this way a male in one culture may be seen to be feminine in another thus changing a male into a female or sin versa. Another way that one can change ones gender is by rearing a girl in a male environment.The gir l tends to adopt the masculine behaviours exhibited by her male counter separate as has been witnessed by the women who venture into fields assumed to be the male domain. This is in politics and moving in where women who succeed in these environments are seen to be more masculine than feminine thus changing their gender to becoming more male than female (Miller, Lewy Peckham1997). In conclusion, it is correct to say that an individuals gender is not only determined by his or her sex but also by the culture that they have grown in.the roles that a culture assigns to an individual are used to determine femininity and masculinity of members of the society. It is possible for ones gender to be changed depending on which community one is in. Roles assigned depending on an individuals sex change according to the society. Furthermore, the environment one is in influences the behaviour one has thus influencing the gender that one belongs to. informant1. Askew J. Davey M. 2005, Sex Acts Practices of femininity and Masculinity, Archives of Sexual Behaviour Vol. 34, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks 2. Gender, World wellness organization retrieved on 13th April 2009 from http//www. who. int/topics/gender/en 3. Miller J. B. , Lewy J. Peckham E. 1997, Context Effects on Self-Perceptions of womanish and Masculine Quantities, Sex A Journal of Research Vol. 37 4. Morrow F. 1991, Unleashing Our Unknown Selves An Inquiry into the Future of Femininity and Masculinity, Praeger Publishers 5. Watney S. 1994, Aphrodite of the Future, Artforum International Vol. 32

Comparing Classic Folktales Essay Example for Free

Comparing Classic Folktales EssayBefore tuition and writing were greens practice hi business relationship was told in the get to of legend fiction was told in the form of myth and lessons about life were taught to children through folktales and fables. Folktales not only served a role in direction children, but often helped define the common themes of life in general for that particular culture. Most folktales put on a specific mess sequence which they try to portray through symbol, writing style, and plot. Many folktales from different cultures be actually similar and present the kindred main ideas and communicates. Today folktales argon popular mostly as a way of teaching morals and life lessons. They are often compilations, or illustrated paroles made for children. devil popular folktales that are very similar are, Frans Timmermans, The salientian and the Fox and a yarn we all know, to begin with from the book, Aesops Fables, The Tortoise and the Hare.In the fol ktale, The Tortoise and the Hare Aesop masterfully demonstrates what we all consider to be a unstained folktale. The story begins with a hare who makes boastful claims about how swift he is, and how no animals could run red-hot than he could. The hare teases a tortoise for his fallness the tortoise, annoyed by the hares claims, agrees to a slipstream that they plan the next day. The next morning the hare comes to the carry half(prenominal) asleep and unprepared. Hare sees how slow tortoise is and decides to take a nap. When he awakes, he notices tortoise is only one third of the way through the course, and decides to scram a quick breakfast. The meal made hare sleepy and seeing tortoise was not yet half done with the course, hare decided to take another quick nap. The hare oversleeps and tortoise lucres the race against the boastful, overconfident hare. Aesops story lowlife be related to by people all over the world and galore(postnominal) cultures have adopted the story. Today it is published in over thirty languages, and sells in bookstores worldwide.A lesser known Ameri piece of tail writer named Frans Timmerman has a remarkably similar story that was published in 1911. The story is about a frog, he is in the jungle minding his own business when a make passes by. The flurry makes fun of the frog beca using up he is such a strange specimen she asks how frog is able to survive about with one long pair of legs, and one short one. The torment is very am delectationd when frog tells her that he is the fastest frog in the whole jungle. The flip is almost insulted when frog thinks he gouge beat her in a race, and begins to boast about her speed and running skills. They plan to have the race the next day, and set up a course through the jungle.The next day the frog and the fox meet with a friend, duck, and get ready to race. When the race begins frog jumps onto the tail of fox and holds on trance fox sprints as fast as she can. Fox does not notice the small frog on her tail and already believes she has won the race. As fox approaches the finish origination, frog makes a mighty bounce onto her back, and then across the finish line, just before fox makes it across. Fox says frog didnt win but duck, as the referee, claims frog to be the winner as he had barely passed the finish line first. At the end fox accepts that she was outsmarted and realizes that her overconfidence was the root of her downfall. This story is not identical to the story in Aesops Fables, but has some(prenominal) of the similar portionistics, as well as a similar boilersuit message and symbolic meaning.Historians agree that Aesops Fables was written around 500 B.C. by a break ones back living in Greece. It was originally written in Greek European versions were not printed until the early 1800s. side versions were printed in the 1900s, and it is probable this book was at least one inspiration to Frans Timmermans work. Timmermans book was released in 1911 just a few short years after English prints of Aesops Fables were useable in the United States. Each story shares similar characteristics in plot, style, technique, and symbolism, but thither are in any case more superficial similarities and differences.In both stories the authors choose to use animals as a form of symbolism to tell their story. Animals are commonly used as characters in folktale however, the animals each author decides to use are very specific. Each author chooses animals that have traits and characteristics that are familiar to most people, regardless of age or education level. In Aesops folktale the animals used are a tortoise and a hare. In Timmermans story the animals used are a frog and a fox. When people think of a tortoise they generally have images of a very slow moving land creature. Similarly Timmermans character frog brings thoughts of a water dwelling species, clumsy and slow on land. The same idea spreads to the fox and the hare both are consider ed to be quick and cunning species and the authors use them in this light. It is likely these animals were common where each story was written. These animals also share similar more transparent symbolic meaning.Although time, and simple ethnical differences likely led to the different characters and context of the stories, they still share many similar traits in there symbolism and morals. Because the symbolism is easily identified, and the message is easily related to, nearly all people can apply this story to life. It is easy to see how nearly every culture has embraced a version of this story, or come up with a similar version of their own. Today Aesops Fables is printed in 31 languages.The tortoise is symbolic in Aesops story for a wise, slow moving, dedicated creature. He uses the tortoise to help portray the message that slow and steady can persevere over an overconfident, boastful opponent. Likewise, Timmerman chooses to use a frog, which sometimes symbolizes the same things as the tortoise in folktales and fables. A frog additionally represents transformation. The frog is shown in his story to be very intelligent and the message is that you can overcome a problem even when the odds are against you if you use your head. By using his intelligence he defeats the overconfident, boastful opponent.Timmerman decides to use a fox in his story as a quick, overconfident, somewhat ignorant character. He portrays the fox in this way as a symbol for this type of person, whom everyone has encountered at some point in their lives. Aesop similarly chooses a hare and uses the same technique of making the hare somewhat ignorant and cocky. Using this writing style effectively makes the fox and the hare the antagonist in the story without specifically portraying them as a bad goose. They further this technique by having these characters use condescending dialogue in the beginning of the story. Despite the cardinal authors cultural differences, the valet de chambre qual ities of the characters are nearly portrayed identically.The writing style, and technique used by the authors helps us to identify with the characters. It also helps us identify personally with the plot. Both stories have plots that follow the same prefatory ideas. One animal is different physically from another, so naturally that animal thinks that he is superordinate word the superior creature. They use animals that everyone would consider to be the obvious winners and losers in a race. They portray the animals in a unequalled way that gives them human qualities that we are familiar with.The underdog is considered the protagonist in these fables and both authors portray them as likely losers in a physical challenge. However, as the story unfolds the obvious winners change due to the negative human qualities the antagonists possess. The messages of the stories are both related to perseverance, and that sometimes being conceded and boastful about your skills can end in disaster. T here is also the message that one should not judge others simply by how they look. There are many other interpretations of this story as well, and this just scratches the surface of the symbolism in the ii folktales. The messages of the two stories are values that everyone can apply to their daily lives.When the stories reach their conclusions the readers are left with many options on how they choose to interpret the message. The theme of both stories are the same, however the differences allow them to be interpreted many ways. It is mostly agreed upon by literature experts that the message in The Tortoise and the Hare is that slow and steady wins the race, and fetching your time to do things right the first time is worth it. The message in The Fox and the Frog the message is that it is sometimes better to work smarter, not harder. Both stories share the message that judging others by their appearance is not an intelligent thing to do. They also share the idea that being boastful and conceded can end in embarrassment.

Freas and Geeks Media techniques Essay Example for Free

Freas and Geeks Media techniques EssayHow Media Techniques Create Stereotypes in Freaks and Geeks proceeds a look again at high school stereotypes through the short lived television serial from the late 90s, Freaks and Geeks. Based on the pilot episode of Freaks and Geeks, media techniques are used efficaciously to project the different stereotypes in high school. The camera shots movements are used adequately to show the power of the bullies and the failing of the victims. For example, when Sam Weir is approached by Alan (the bully), at lunch, the camera is pointed upwards towards Alans face to make him calculate large and scarier while the camera would be pointed down on Sams face making him get wordm smaller and inferior to Alan (Kasdan 1999). This example shows effective use of media techniques by using camera shots because the audience can buoy easily depict the two different stereotypes, the bully and the geek. Another way that media techniques are used effective ly is through the use of setting. For instance, the freaks of the show are shown hanging around the patio which is a dirty and careworn down area separated from the field and other students (Kasdan 1999). This is a clear way for the audience to see the difference from the regular students and the freaks therefore making this media technique effective. These two techniques show how Freaks and Geeks uses media techniques effectively to illustrate the stereotypes unmatched might see in high school. Using media techniques such as camera shots and setting effectively is a task that Freaks and Geeks has accomplished to portray different high school stereotypes.Works CitedPilot. Freaks and Geeks The Complete Series. Writ. capital of Minnesota Feig. Dir. Jake Kasdan. DreamWorks, 1999. DVD.

The New Rule Essay Example for Free

The New Rule EssayJudging by the summates has been an constitutional way of assessing the success or failure of a confederacy or a CEO from hence and even until present. The influence of this method has been augmented by the advocacy by successful executives through their print and mediated ideas. But even with the prevailing numericall(a)y-dependent idea on success, it seems that globalization has paved way for stack to rethink and reconsider other overlooks that m gray-hairediness stigma been missed out before. Fortune senior writer Betsy Morris wrote an article about New Rules that, as it is implied in the text, should replace the Wallstreet-pressured one-time(a) matchlesss. The question is Is there in truth a necessity to replace the old rules with raw(a) ones? The old rules ar easier to manage and apply compared to the refreshed ones. The old rules focus merely on raising the numbers everything is judged based on the numerical values. Theoretically, there ar e no people to please, and non much effort on creative thinking is necessary. altogether that has to be done is to follow proven formulas of success, that is, as dictated by the experiences of successful businessmen and executives. The single goal is to be on top and it was believed that that goal sess be easily attained with additive progression as long as the book was followed. To exemplify this, there is this old rule about big dogs owning the street (Morris, 2006). Based on this old rule, the greatest benefits and rewards in the industry are reaped by the biggest histrion or by the economies of scale. This old rule is relatively weak to manage compared to its counterpart in the bare-assed rules, that is to be agile.Although being big is not as easy as what might have been implied, this old rule is considered one because based on what is implied in the rule, just being big allows the player to take advantage of whatever resource in the industry or to take huge bread from a specific market without much effort and simply just by being big. As it is with their status, the natural laws of economics come to play under normal circumstances, that is, the economies of scale could naturally spread their decided costs and thus acquire larger revenues (Morris, 2006). This is not the case with its counterpart forward-looking rule. Based on the new rule, the player must be agile because being big bath very represent harm (Morris, 2006). This rule implies more than the requirement of a player to simply be agile. It implies the necessity of a certain efficiency that is, to properly observe the direction of the market and be capable to apply this gained cognition to the needs of the comp whatsoever. The new rules, thus, require more than the ability to follow rules. It requires that the leader or executive is able to have the wisdom to overhear the need to acquire association and be able to use the gained knowledge (particularly the needs of the market) t o direct the company towards correcting to these needs and continuously make the company flexible afterwards. The ease in managing the old rules is dependent on its nature which is based on following, while the new rules are in the first place based on skill and creativity. That the old rules are in fact labeled as old does not necessarily mean it should all be replaced with the new ones or worse, eradicated and forgotten. After all, these rules are based on wisdom from past experiences and it is not very difficult to find similarities, no outcome how small between past experiences and current ones. The term old whitethorn not always be synonymous with better but the same can be said with new. It is actually realistic that both are equally important and a fusion of which could create a better rule. Citing again the example on the old rule of big dogs owning the street and its counterpart new rule, high spirits is best, it can be said that while the old rule may not necessarily be better than the old rule, being not big does not also guarantee positive effects. elation and the companys flexibility, plus, being big, can actually create more advantage for the company. With the big companys ability to spread its fixed costs and the agile companys ability to make efficient use of resources, the business can actually reduce its costs and make more revenues. Similarly, any company can attempt to find a niche or create something new. This is not an easy feat because as it is said, it involves creativity. But a company must not limit itself to just one of two choices. The old and new rules that are presented in the article are not opposites. This means that it is actually feasible for a company to both strive being the best in the market and at the same time, strive to always create something new for their market. Starbucks may have continuous change as their goal but this goal is only the surface of an underlying goal. Why does Starbucks want to keep wretched a nd evolving? This is to continue their identity, which caters to their market, that keeps their profits and thus keep the enterprise going. Starbucks may not have had being number 1 as their main goal but they were able to be on top by always creating something new for their clients. In the end, it is able to take advantage of its ability to create something new, as head as its being on top.Being on top had buy the farm one of the old rules because it had a rationale that is deeper than the numbers. A top business could improve the employees morale and could thus make them become better in performing their jobs. This could result in better relationships with clients. The businesses rules must not be special to a choice between the old or the new. Both are not opposites and the instances when both can be done simultaneously to complement the other must be recognized. While in general, the new rules teach about the importance of flexibility the necessity of the corporate world to b e able to adapt and consider the actual needs of its clients, some of the old rules can be truly greedy. nonpareil old rule that represents this is that the shareholders rule. According to a study done by One Bain Co. (Morris, 2006), there is a significant discrepancy about the perceptions of the executives about the quality of their service and the perceptions of the customers themselves. It is said that 80% of the executives perceive themselves as doing a great service and only 8% of the customers agree (Morris, 2006). This implies that the customers needs are not adequately met while the executives consider themselves as being justly compensated for their efforts, and the company being the just recipients of revenues. It may be that any business is made for the sole purpose of profiting. But this does not exempt anyone from irrespective ethical considerations. Simply put, any customer deserves the value of what they pay for. In addition, the companies, whether profit-centered o r otherwise, must realize that the laws of economics would indicate that catering to the customers would actually increase the revenues and considering the new rule (The Customer is King), can be a positive way of gaining profits instead of taking so much effort to decline their operating costs, which could in almost all cases, also reduce their products quality. Considering the clients could only be symbiotic, benefiting both the clients and the business itself. This has been proven by companies like Apple and Genentech (Morris, 2006). In the rapidly changing clock and with globalization, it seems that the new rules are most applicable. This is because these new rules can only be products of observations of the successful companies and CEOs at the present time. Still, it must be noted that the old rules were what the people considered then as the new rules. This means that rules are created based on what seems appropriate depending on the demands roles and circumstances that hap pen at a certain period.With this in mind, what is important is not exactly to follow which rule is popular at a certain period but to allow circumstances and the nature of events to become guides in strategizing and decision-making. Truly, following the old rules religiously would be like staying at a certain era and preventing growth. But still, following the new rules by-the-book would be self-contradictory because the principle behind the new rules is to allow constant change and flexibility depending on specific factors involved. Like what the Morris (2006) said about the old rules, the new rules are made to answer specific problems of a specific situation at a specific time. Then, it is only the value of flexibility that must be retained.As it is, the world will always change even with resistance from business players and all that can be done is to allow themselves to be swayed and be creative so that each situation can be used to their competitive advantage.Still, the old rul es must not be completely disregarded. These old rules must be seen based on the rationale or wisdom behind. Because such rules, when seen at a less common or different perspective could still apply to a specific present, although not necessarily modern situation. Jack Welch may right when he said that If applied correctly rules can work forever. (Morris, 2006). The only question that matters then is what is correctly? Again, correctly depends on ones ability to gain knowledge in situations, be flexible and be creative in using these situations to his or her advantagebut of course, with all the ethical considerations.Works CitedMorris, B. (2006). The New Rules. Fortune. Retrieved 28 Feb 2007 from http//money.cnn.com/2006/07/10/magazines/fortune/rules.fortune/index.htm.

The rate of reaction between Nitric Essay Example for Free

The pass judgment of chemical answer mingled with Nitric EssayHot water supply Thermometer Ice Method The Trough Method 1) decant water into plastic container. 2) Pour water into measuring cylinder, and interpose it upside down in the plastic container entire of water. 3) Place rubber tubing inside measuring cylinder. 4) Clamp the measuring cylinder in place. 5) Pour water (of the temperature you pick out chosen) into a beaker. 6) Pour 20cm3 of nitric acid into a boiling tube. 7) Place a calcium carbonate number (of what jalopy you have chosen) inside the boiling tube. 8) Place gift severely on top of the boiling tube. 9) Start the timer as soon as you place the bung on the boiling tube. Safety1) Wear safety goggles. 2) Hold bung from the end and not from the delivery tube to avoid injury. 3) If there is hot water in a beaker, hold the beaker from the rim. 4) Also place apparatus on the middle of the bench to avoid spillages and to avoid injury. How I unbroken it a bonnie Test I kept the mass of the calcium carbonate chip at 0. 48g. I kept the amount of nitric acid at 20cm3. I equilibrated the equipment to the reacting temperature. I took the same amount of time placing the marble chip in the boiling tube each time. Results Volume of CO2 lost Temperature (i C) 4i C sequence (min) Run 1 Run 2 ordinary.Time (min) Run 1 Run 2 AverageThis shows that at low temperatures, there will be a slower rate of reaction. Graph B shows that130 min and 400 min there was a significant increase in the dismissal of CO2. The rate of the reaction was 9. 66 cm3/min. Graph C is similar to Graph B as the reaction starts of slowly provided increases as time passes. The rate of the reaction at 27? C was 12. 33 cm3/min. Graph D is also very similar to the two previous graphs as it starts slowly and gains speed towards the end. The rate of the reaction was 14 cm3/min. Graph E starts off very quickly but starts to taper off towards the end. The rate of the reac tion was 35.5 cm3/min. The final results show that my prediction was correct. I predicted that as the temperature is increased the faster the reaction would take place. Cool acid particles have little ability, therefore do not collide with the marble chips very often, and for a chemical reaction to occur you need some successful collisions between the acid particles and the marble chip. The hotter the acid, the faster the collisions and the reaction speeds up. The rate of a chemical reaction is increased by increasing the temperature and alternatively decreased by decreasing the temperature.The increase in the rate of reaction with temperature can be explained by the collision theory. An increase in temperature increases the energy of the reacting particles. This makes more energy available for the breaking of bonds, which must take place in order for a chemical reaction to occur. Bond breaking is more frequent at higher temperatures. Increase in temperature Of reactants Evaluatio n The social occasion we used was not as accurate as others that could have been used instead. Possible reasons for errors in this taste were make Pan Balance Timer Measuring Cylinder Thermometer.Another possible error in this experiment was that some of the Carbon Dioxide dissolved into the water in the measuring cylinder. The solubility depends on the temperature at which the water was. Also the size of the bubbles and the rate of production of the bubbles both contributed to the experimental error. Experimental Error 1. Top Pan Balance This was only accurate to three decimal places, as the mass of the marble chip had to be 0. 48g the experimental error would be 0 The experimental error for the top pan difference is relatively low.2. Thermometer This was only accurate tFor the thermometer as the temperature increased the experimental error decreased therefore I was more likely to find an error in my results at the lower temperatures.For the measuring cylinder when the mer etriciousness is small the error is large. The total experimental error for each temperature is C- 4. 3003% error 37? C- 3. 9003% error As you can see, the lower the temperature the higher the experimental error. Improvements Marble chips- I could not ensure the size and mass of each marble chip, therefore could employ a sieve type mechanism. Range- I would spread the temperatures out more even however have less error owing to lower temperatures.Water- I would have water, which was saturated with sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3). As this allows little CO2 to dissolve in it. Bibliography GCSE alchemy Revision Guide Co-ordination Group chemical science Hunt and Sykes Understanding Chemistry (A-level)Ted Lister and Janet Renshaw Appendix Includes Graphs A-E Sheryar Majid Chemistry Coursework 2000/2001 Dr Wright 1 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written found of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section. o

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of upbringing EssayBefore the invention of depicting and writing, bulk lived in an environs in which they struggled to survive against natural forces, animals, and former(a) humans. To survive, preliterate people certain skills that grew into ethnical and groomingal patterns. For a particular groups culture to continue into the future, people had to transmit it, or walking it on, from adults to infantren. The earliest trainingal processes involved sharing information close gathering food and providing shelter reservation weapons and other tools chance oning language and acquiring the values, behavior, and apparitional rites or practices of a given culture. Through direct, everyday education, p arnts, elders, and priests taught peasantren the skills and roles they would need as adults. These lessons eventually formed the honourable codes that governed behavior. Since they lived before the invention of writing, preliterate people utilize an oral tradition, or story telling, to pass on their culture and history from one generation to the next. By using language, people l sack uped to make up and persona symbols, words, or signs to express their ideas. When these symbols grew into pictographs and letters, human beings created a scripted language and made the great cultural leap to literacy.IIIEDUCATION IN ANCIENT AFRICA AND ASIA In ancient Egypt, which flourished from virtually 3000 BC to about 500 BC, priests in temple trails taught not scarce religion but in addition the principles of writing, the sciences, mathematics, and architecture. Similarly in India, priests conducted about of the formal education. Beginning in about 1200 BC Indian priests taught the principles of the Veda, the inspirational texts of Hinduism, as well as science, grammar, and philosophy. Formal education in China dates to about 2000 BC, though it thrived curiously during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, from 770 to 256 BC (see China The Eastern Zhou).The cu rriculum stressed philosophy, poetry, and religion, in accord with the trainings of Confucius, Laozi (Lao-tzu), and other philosophers. IVEDUCATION IN ANCIENT GREECE Historians have looked to ancient Greece as one of the origins of Western formal education. The Iliad and the Odyssey, epic poems attributed to home run and written or sotime in the 8th speed of light BC, created a cultural tradition that gave the word formics a intelligence of group identity. In their dramatic account of classic struggles, Homers epics served important educational purposes.The kn make classical warriors depicted in Homers usage, such as Agamemnon, Odysseus, and Achilles, were heroes who served as models for the progeny Greeks. old-fashioned Greece was divided into small and often competing city-states, or poleis, such as Athens, Sparta, and Thebes. Athens emphasized a human and democratic auberge and education, but only about one-third of the people in Athens were open citizens. Slaves a nd residents from other countries or city-states made up the rest of the population. Only the sons of broad citizens tended to(p) educate.The Athenians believed a free man should have a liberal education in order to perform his civic duties and for his own personal development. The education of women depended upon the customs of the particular Greek city-state. In Athens, where women had no legal or economic rights, some women did not attend take. nearly girls, however, were educated at home by tutors. Slaves and other noncitizens had any no formal education or very little. Sparta, the chief political enemy of Athens, was a one-man rule that employ education for military training and drill.In contrast to Athens, ascetical girls stock more culture but it was almost exclusively athletic training to prepare them to be healthy mothers of future Spartan soldiers. In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of wandering schoolers, began to teach in Athens. The Sophists claimed tha t they could teach any subject or skill to anyone who wished to learn it. They finickyized in teaching grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects that eventually formed the core of the liberal arts.The Sophists were more interested in preparing their students to argue persuasively and winarguments than in teaching principles of truth and morality. Unlike the Sophists, the Greek philosopher Socrates sought to discover and teach ordinary principles of truth, beauty, and goodness. Socrates, who died in 399 BC, claimed that true knowledge existed within everyone and needed to be brought to consciousness. His educational order, called the Socratic method, consisted of asking probing questions that forced his students to think deeply about the significance of bread and butter, truth, and justice. In 387 BC Plato, who had analyze under Socrates, open a school in Athens called the Academy.Plato believed in an constant world of perfect ideas or universal concepts. He asserted that since t rue knowledge is the same in every place at every time, education, like truth, should be unchanging. Plato expound his educational ideal in the Republic, one of the most notable training of Western philosophy. Platos Republic describes a model gild, or republic, ruled by highly intelligent philosopher-kings. Warriors make up the republics second class of people. The lowest class, the workers, provide food and the other products for all the people of the republic.In Platos ideal educational trunk, each class would receive a different kind of takeion to prepare for their various roles in society. In 335 BC Platos student, Aristotle, lay downed his own school in Athens called the Lyceum. Believing that human beings are essentially rational, Aristotle perspective people could discover natural laws that governed the universe and then follow these laws in their lives. He similarly concluded that educated people who utilize reason to make decisions would lead a life of moderation in which they avoided dangerous extremes.In the 4th atomic number 6 BC Greek orator Isocrates developed a method of education intentional to prepare students to be competent orators who could serve as disposal officials. Isocratess students studied rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history. They examined model orations and practiced public speaking. Isocratess methods of education directly influenced such papist educational theorists as Cicero and Quintilian. VEDUCATION IN ANCIENT ROME While the Greeks were developing their civilization in the areas border the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Romans were gaining control of the Italian peninsula and areas of the western Mediterranean.The Greeks education focused on the study of philosophy. The Romans, on the other hand, were preoccupied with war, conquest, politics, and civil administration. As in Greece, only a minority of Romans accompanied school. school was for those who had the money to pay tuition and the time to attend clas ses. While girls from wealthy families occasionally learned to read and write at home, boys attended a old school, called aludus. In secondary schools boys studied Latin and Greek grammar taught by Greek slaves, called pedagogues.After primary and secondary school, wealthy young men often attended schools of rhetoric or oratory that prepared them to be leaders in political relation and administration. Cicero, a maiden century BC Roman senator, combined Greek and Roman ideas on how to educate orators in his concur De Oratore. Like Isocrates, Cicero believed orators should be educated in liberal arts subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, and astronomy. He in any case asserted that they should study ethics, military science, natural science, geography, history, and law.Quintilian, an influential Roman educator who lived in the 1st century AD, wrote that education should be based on the stages of individual development from childhood to adulthood. Quintilian devis ed specific lessons for each stage. He besides discuss teachers to make their lessons suited to the students readiness and ability to learn in the raw material. He urged teachers to motivate students by making learning interesting and attractive. VIANCIENT JEWISH EDUCATION Education among the Judaic people also had a profound influence on Western learning.The ancient Jews had great note for the printed word and believed that God revealed truth to them in the Bible. Most information on ancient Jewish goals and methods of education comes from the Bible and the Talmud, a harbour of religious and civil law. Jewish religious leaders, known as rabbis, advised parents to teach their children religious beliefs, law, ethical practices, and vocational skills. Both boys and girls were introduced to religion by studying the Torah, the most sacred document of Judaism. Rabbis taught in schools within synagogues, places of worship and religious study. VIIMEDIEVAL EDUCATION.During the Middle Ages, or the medieval period, which lasted roughly from the fifth to the 15th century, Western society and education were heavily shaped by Christianity, particularly the Roman Catholic Church. The Church operated parish, chapel, and monastery schools at the elementary level. Schools in monasteries and cathedrals offered secondary education. Much of the teaching in these schools was directed at learning Latin, the old Roman language used by the church in its ceremonies and teachings. The church provided some limited opportunities for the education of women in religious communities or convents.Convents had libraries and schools to help prepare nuns to follow the religious rules of their communities. merchant and craft guilds also maintained some schools that provided basic education and training in specific crafts. Knights authoritative training in military tactics and the code of chivalry. As in the Greek and Roman eras, only a minority of people went to school during the medieval period. Schools were attended primarily by persons planning to discharge religious life such as priests, monks, or nuns. The vast studyity of people were serfs who served as agrarian workers on the estates of feudal lords.The serfs, who did not attend school, were generally illiterate (see Serfdom). In the 10th and early eleventh centuries, Arabic learning had a pronounced influence on Western education. From contact with Arab scholars in uniting Africa and Spain, Western educators learned newly ways of thinking about mathematics, natural science, medicine, and philosophy. The Arabic number system was especially important, and became the foundation of Western arithmetic. Arab scholars also preserved and translated into Arabic the works of such influential Greek scholars as Aristotle, Euclid, Galen, and Ptolemy.Because many of these works had disappeared from Europe by the Middle Ages, they might have been lost everlastingly if Arab scholars such as Avicenna and Averroes had no t preserved them. In the 11th century medieval scholars developed Scholasticism, a philosophical and educational movement that used both human reason and revelations from the Bible. Upon encountering the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers from Arab scholars, the Scholastics attempted to reconcile Christian theology with Greek philosophy.Scholasticism reached its high prime in the Summa Theologiae of Saint Thomas doubting Thomas, a 13th century Dominican theologian who taught at the University of Paris. Aquinas reconciled the authority of religious faith, represented by the Scriptures, with Greek reason, represented by Aristotle. Aquinas described the teachers vocation as one that combines faith, love, and learning. The work of Aquinas and other Scholastics took place in the medieval institutions of higher education, the universities.The famous European universities of Paris, Salerno, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua grew out of the Scholastics-led intellectual rev ival of the 12th and 13th centuries. The work university comes from the Latin word universitas, or associations, in reference to the associations that students and teachers organized to discuss academic issues. Medieval universities offered degrees in the liberal arts and in professional studies such as theology, law, and medicine. VIIIEDUCATION DURING THE RENAISSANCE The Renaissance, or rebirth of learning, began in Europe in the 14th century and reached its height in the 15th century.Scholars became more interested in the humanist featuresthat is, the secular or worldly rather than the religious aspectsof the Greek and Latin classics. kind-heartedist educators found their models of literary style in the classics. The Renaissance was a particularly magnateful force in Italy, most notably in art, literature, and architecture. In literature, the works of such Italian writers as Dante Aleghieri, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio became especially important. Humanist educators design ed teaching methods to prepare well-rounded, liberally educated persons.Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus was particularly influential. Erasmus believed that understanding and conversing about the meaning of literature was more important than memorizing it, as had been required at many of the medieval religious schools. He advised teachers to study such fields as archaeology, astronomy, mythology, history, and Scripture. The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century made books more widely available and increased literacy rates (see Printing). But school attendance did not increase greatly during the Renaissance.Elementary schools educated middle-class children while lower-class children received little, if any, formal schooling. Children of the grandeur and upper classes attended humanist secondary schools. Educational opportunities for women improved slightly during the Renaissance, especially for the upper classes. Some girls from wealthy families attended schools o f the royal court or received cliquish lessons at home. The curriculum studied by young women was still based on the belief that only certain subjects, such as art, music, needlework, dancing, and poetry, were suited for females.For labour girls, especially rural peasants, education was still limited to training in syndicate duties such as cooking and sewing. IXEDUCATION DURING THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION The religious Reformation of the 16th century mark a decline in the authority of the Catholic Church and contributed to the emergence of the middle classes in Europe. Protestant religious reformers, such as John Calvin, Martin Luther, and Huldreich Zwingli, rejected the authority of the Catholic pope and created reformed Christian, or Protestant, churches.In their ardent determination to instruct followers to read the Bible in their native language, reformers blanket(a) literacy to the masses. They established common primary schools that offered a basic curriculum of reading, w riting, arithmetic, and religion for children in their own language. mother tongue schools in England, for example, used English to teach their pupils. As they argued with each other and with the Roman Catholics on religious matters, Protestant educators wrote catechismsprimary books that summarized their religious doctrinein a question and answer format.While the vernacular schools educated both boys and girls at the primary level, upper-class boys attended preparatory and secondary schools that continued to emphasize Latin and Greek. The gymnasium in Germany, the Latin grammar school in England, and the lycee in France were preparatory schools that taught young men the classical languages of Latin and Greek required to enter universities. Martin Luther believed the state, family, and school, along with the church, were leaders of the Reformation. Since the family shaped childrens character, Luther encouraged parents to teach their children reading and religion.Each family should pray together, read the Bible, study the catechism, and practice a efficacious trade. Luther believed that government should assist schools in educating literate, productive, and religious citizens. One of Luthers colleagues, German religious reformer Melanchthon, wrote the school code for the German region of Wurttemberg, which became a model for other regions of Germany and influenced education throughout Europe. According to this code, the government was responsible for supervising schools and licensing teachers.The Protestant reformers retained the dual-class school system that had developed in the Renaissance. Vernacular schools provided primary instruction for the lower classes, and the various classical humanist and Latin grammar schools prepared upper-class males for higher education. XEDUCATIONAL surmise IN THE 17TH blow Educators of the 17th century developed new ways of thinking about education. Czech education reformer Jan Komensky, known as Comenius, was particularly influential. A bishop of the Moravian Church, Comenius escaped religious persecution by taking refuge in Poland, Hungary, Sweden, and The Netherlands.He created a new educational philosophy called Pansophism, or universal knowledge, designed to bring about worldwide understanding and peace. Comenius advised teachers to use childrens senses rather than memorization in instruction. To make learning interesting for children, he wrote The Gate of Tongues Unlocked (1631), a book for teaching Latin in the students own language. He also wrote Orbis Sensualium Pictus (1658 The Visible World in Pictures, 1659) consisting of illustrations that labeled determinations in both their Latin and vernacular names. It was one of the first illustrated books written especially for children.The work of English philosopher John Locke influenced education in Britain and North America. Locke examined how people acquire ideas in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). He asserted that at birth th e human mind is a blank slate, or tabula rasa, and empty of ideas. We acquire knowledge, he argued, from the information about the objects in the world that our senses bring to us. We begin with candid ideas and then combine them into more complex ones. Locke believed that individuals acquire knowledge most easily when they first opine simple ideas and then gradually combine them into more complex ones.In Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1697), Locke recommended working learning to prepare people to manage their social, economic, and political affairs efficiently. He believed that a sound education began in early childhood and insisted that the teaching of reading, writing, and arithmetic be gradual and cumulative. Lockes curriculum include conversational learning of foreign languages, especially French, mathematics, history, physical education, and games. XIEDUCATION DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT The Age of Enlightenment in the eighteenth century produced important changes in edu cation and educational theory.During the Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason, educators believed people could improve their lives and society by using their reason, their powers of critical thinking. The Enlightenments ideas had a significant impact on the American Rphylogenesis (1775-1783) and early educational policy in the join States. In particular, American philosopher and scientist Benjamin Franklin emphasized the value of utilitarian and scientific education in American schools. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the fall in States, stressed the importance of civic education to the citizens of a democratic nation.The Enlightenment principles that considered education as an legal instrument of social reform and improvement remain fundamental characteristics of American education policy. XIIEDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY The foundations of modern education were established in the 19th century. Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, inspired by the work of F rench philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau, developed an educational method based on the natural world and the senses. Pestalozzi established schools in Switzerland and Germany to educate children and train teachers.He affirmed that schools should resemble secure and loving homes. Like Locke and Rousseau, Pestalozzi believed that thought began with sensation and that teaching should use the senses. Holding that children should study the objects in their natural environment, Pestalozzi developed a supposed object lesson that involved roles in learning form, number, and language. Pupils determined and traced an objects form, counted objects, and named them. Students progressed from these lessons to exercises in drawing, writing, adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, and reading.Pestalozzi employed the side by side(p) principles in teaching (1) begin with the concrete object before introducing abstract concepts (2) begin with the immediate environment before dealing with what is distant and remote (3) begin with easy exercises before introducing complex ones and (4) always lead gradually, cumulatively, and slowly. American educator Henry Barnard, the first U. S. Commissioner of Education, introduced Pestalozzis ideas to the fall in States in the late 19th century. Barnard also worked for the establishment of free public high schools for students of all classes of American society.German philosopher Johann Herbart emphasized moral education and designed a highly structured teaching technique. Maintaining that educations primary goal is moral development, Herbart claimed good character rested on knowledge while misconduct resulted from an inadequate education. Knowledge, he said, should create an apperceptive massa network of ideasin a persons mind to which new ideas can be added. He treasured to include history, geography, and literature in the school curriculum as well as reading, writing, and arithmetic.Based on his work, Herbarts followers designed a f ive-step teaching method (1) prepare the pupils to be ready for the new lesson, (2) present the new lesson, (3) associate the new lesson with ideas studied earlier, (4) use examples to illustrate the lessons major points, and (5) test pupils to ensure they had learned the new lesson. AKindergarten German educator Friedrich Froebel created the earliest kindergarten, a form of preschool education that literally means childs garden in German. Froebel, who had an discontent childhood, urged teachers to think back to their own childhoods to find insights they could use in their teaching.Froebel studied at Pestalozzis implant in Yverdon, Switzerland, from 1808 to 1810. While agreeing with Pestalozzis emphasis on the natural world, a kindly school atmosphere, and the object lesson, Froebel felt that Pestalozzis method was not philosophical enough. Froebel believed that every childs inner egotism contained a spiritual essencea spark of divine energythat enabled a child to learn independe ntly. In 1837 Froebel opened a kindergarten in Blankenburg with a curriculum that featured songs, stories, games, gifts, and occupations.The songs and stories stimulated the imaginations of children and introduced them to folk heroes and cultural values. Games developed childrens social and physical skills. By playing with each other, children learned to participate in a group. Froebels gifts, including such objects as spheres, cubes, and cylinders, were designed to enable the child to understand the concept that the object represented. Occupations consisted of materials children could use in building activities. For example, clay, sand, cardboard, and sticks could be used to build castles, cities, and mountains.Immigrants from Germany brought the kindergarten concept to the get together States, where it became part of the American school system. Margarethe Meyer Schurz opened a German-language kindergarten in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1855. Elizabeth Peabody established an English- language kindergarten and a training school for kindergarten teachers in Boston, mommy, in 1860. William Torrey Harris, superintendent of schools in St. Louis, Missouri, and later a U. S. commissioner of education, made the kindergarten part of the American public school system. BSocial DarwinismBritish sociologist Herbert Spencer strongly influenced education in the mid-19th century with social theories based on the theory of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Spencer revised Darwins biological theory into social Darwinism, a body of ideas that applied the theory of evolution to society, politics, the economy, and education. Spencer maintained that in modern industrialized societies, as in earlier simpler societies, the fittest individuals of each generation survived because they were intelligent and adaptable. Competition caused the brightest and strongest individuals to climb to the top of the society.Urging unlimited competition, Spencer wanted government to restrict its activities to the bare minimum. He opposed public schools, claiming that they would create a monopoly for mediocrity by catering to students of low ability. He wanted private schools to compete against each other in arduous to attract the brightest students and most capable teachers. Spencers social Darwinism became very popular in the last half of the 19th century when industrialization was changing American and Western European societies. Spencer believed that people in industrialized society needed scientific rather than classical education.Emphasizing education in practical skills, he advocated a curriculum featuring lessons in five basic human activities (1) those needed for self-preservation such as health, diet, and exercise (2) those needed to perform ones occupation so that a person can earn a living, including the basic skills of reading, writing, computation, and knowledge of the sciences (3) those needed for parenting, to raise children properly (4) th ose needed to participate in society and politics and (5) those needed for leisure and recreation. Spencers ideas on education were eagerly accepted in the United States.In 1918 the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education, a report issued by the National Education Association, used Spencers list of activities in its recommendations for American education. XIIINATIONAL SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION In the 19th century, governments in the United body politic, Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries organized national systems of public education. The United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, and other countries in North and South America also established national education systems based largely on European models.In the United KingdomThe Church of England and other churches often operated primary schools in the United Kingdom, where students paid a small payment to study the Bible, catechism, reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1833 the British Parliament passed a law that g ave some government funds to these schools. In 1862 the United Kingdom established a school grant system, called payment by results, in which schools received funds based on their students performance on reading, writing, and arithmetic tests. The Education Act of 1870, called the Forster Act, authorized local government boards to establish public board schools.The United Kingdom then had two schools systems board schools operated by the government and voluntary schools conducted by the churches and other private organizations. In 1878 the United Kingdom passed laws that limited child labor in factories and made it possible for more children to attend school. To make schooling available to working-class children, many schools with limited public and private funds used monitorial methods of instruction. Monitorial education, developed by British educators Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell, used student monitors to conduct lessons.It offered the fledgling public education system the a dvantage of allowing schools to hire fewer teachers to instruct the large number of new students. Schools featuring monitorial education used older boys, called monitors, who were more advanced in their studies, to teach younger children. Monitorial education concentrated on basic skillsreading, writing, and arithmeticthat were broken down into small move or units. After a monitor had learned a unitsuch as spell out words of two or three letters that began with the letter Ahe would, under the maestro teachers supervision, teach this unit to a group of students.By the end of the 19th century, the monitorial system was abandoned in British schools because it provided a very limited education. BIn Russia Russian tsar horse parsley II initiated education reforms leading to the Education Statute of 1864. This law created zemstvos, local government units, which operated primary schools. In addition to zemstvo schools, the Russian Orthodox Church conducted parish schools. While the numb er of children attending school slowly increased, most of Russias population remained illiterate.Peasants often refused to send their children to school so that they could work on the farms. More boys attended school than girls since many peasant parents considered female education unnecessary. Fearing that too much education would make people discontented with their lives, the tsars government provided only limited schooling to instill political commitment and religious piety. CIn the United States Before the 19th century elementary and secondary education in the United States was organized on a local or regional level. Nearly all schools operated on private funds exclusively.However, beginning in the 1830s and 1840s, American educators such as Henry Barnard and Horace Mann argued for the creation of a school system operated by individual states that would provide an equal education for all American children. In 1852 Massachusetts passed the first laws calling for free public educ ation, and by 1918 all U. S. states had passed compulsory school attendance laws. keep an eye on Public Education in the United States. XIVEDUCATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY At the beginning of the twentieth century, the writings of Swedish feminist and educator Ellen Key influenced education around the world.Keys book Barnets arhundrade (1900 The Century of the Child,1909) was translated into many languages and inspired so-called liberal educators in various countries. Progressive education was a system of teaching that emphasized the needs and potentials of the child, rather than the needs of society or the principles of religion. Among the influential progressive educators were Hermann Lietz and Georg Michael Kerschensteiner of Germany, Bertrand Russell of England, and Maria Montessori of Italy. AMontessori.Montessoris methods of early childhood education have become internationally popular. Trained in medicine, Montessori worked with developmentally disabled children early in h er career. The results of her work were so effective that she believed her teaching methods could be used to educate all children. In 1907 Montessori established a childrens school, the Casa dei Bambini (Childrens House), for poor children from the San Lorenzo district of Rome. here she developed a specially prepared environment that featured materials and activities based on her observations of children.She found that children get laid mastering specific skills, prefer work to play, and can sustain concentration. She also believed that children have a power to learn independently if provided a properly stimulating environment. Montessoris curriculum emphasized three major classes of activity (1) practical, (2) sensory, and (3) formal skills and studies. It introduced children to such practical activities as setting the table, serving a meal, washing dishes, bind and buttoning clothing, and practicing basic social manners.Repetitive exercises developed sensory and muscular coordi nation. Formal skills and subjects included reading, writing, and arithmetic. Montessori designed special teaching materials to develop these skills, including laces, buttons, weights, and materials identifiable by their sound or smell. Instructors provided the materials for the children and demonstrated the lessons but allowed each child to independently learn the particular skill or behavior. In 1913 Montessori lectured in the United States on her educational method.American educators established many Montessori schools after these lectures, but they declined in popularity in the 1930s as American educators stressed greater authority and control in the classroom. A revival of Montessori education in the United States began in the 1950s, coinciding with a growing emphasis on early childhood education. BDewey The work of American philosopher and educator John Dewey was especially influential in the U. S. and other countries in the 20th century.